<p>The historic Howard Lake City Hall is a multipurpose government building in Howard Lake, Minnesota, United States, built in 1904. It originally housed the citys government offices, post office, public library, fire department, and public meeting hall. In the 1930s the city began operating a municipal liquor store in the building, which remains the buildings primary use today as most other functions have moved to newer facilities. The Howard Lake City Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 for having local significance in the themes of architecture and politics/government. It was nominated as an example of early-20th-century small-town government architecture, and as Howard Lake&#39;s most prominent building.</p><br>
<p>The Michigan Heritage Park is an open-air museum that spans 10,000 years of Michigan history. It consists of a half-mile trail loop that starts with a pre-historic mastodon exhibit and ends at a Civilian Conservation Corps camp exhibit. The historical exhibits are recreations. The park is operated by Muskegon&#39;s Lakeshore Museum Center.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>George Edward Hilt (1916–2012) had a plan before he died for his property called Hilts Landing in Whitehall Township, Michigan. In his estate planning, Hilt made provisions that his vision of using his 230-acre family property should be for telling the story of Michigans history to future generations. His trust fund appointed over two million dollars for developing Michigan Heritage Trail at Hilt&#39;s Landing—a portion going to build the historic park by the Lakeshore Museum Center and another portion for maintenance and operation of the facility. The effort to establish the park has gone on for nearly a decade.</p><br>
<p>The 19-acre open-air museum park opened on June 6, 2015, and has a visitor&#39;s center. It is a seasonal attraction, open from June through October.</p><br>
<p>Local donors put millions of dollars into the park. The Consumers Energy Foundation was a large donor. It is part of a larger development at Heritage Landing, which is said to be Muskegon’s new “recreational gem.” It was funded in part by a special ballot proposal passed in 2011. Building the authentic recreations of furniture required staff to turn back the clock and use antiquated methods.</p><br>
<h2>The trail</h2><br>
<p>The trail has site areas showing 10,000 years of Michigan history. Exhibits include the Mastodon Site; the Archeology Site; Native American Village; French Fur Trader Cabin; Colonial Cabin; Civil War Camp; Civilian Conservation Corps camp and a Michigan farmhouse. Visitors are encouraged to participate in activities so that they are interacting with the artifacts and culture, not just passively listening to a docent.</p><br>
<h3>Mastodon Site</h3><br>
<p>The half-mile tour starts with the Mastodon Site. Mastodons were elephant-like creatures that existed about 10,000 years ago. They once roamed Michigan. Their fossils are discovered in different parts of the state.</p><br>
<p>Some Mastodon fossils were found in 1904 by a farmer in nearby Moorland Township, Michigan.</p><br>
<h3>Archeology site</h3><br>
<p>This is a designated area of archaeological excavation where Park staff and volunteers can dig into the soil for artifacts. Here they are looking for fossils, American Indian handmade objects such a tool or a shard of pottery, and remains of abandoned farm implements.</p><br>
<h3>Native American Village</h3><br>
<p>The Native American Village ("Wigwam Village") represents the Anishinabe Native Americans during their first contact with Europeans in the mid-1600s and how they lived. They spoke the Algonquin language. These Native American people assembled the Council of Three Fires and are today the Michigan tribes of the Odawa, Potawatomi, and Ojibwe Chippewa. Attendees are asked to participate in learning how they prepared food, made clothing for their families, and built shelter for protection.</p><br>
<p>Wigwams were the main shelter in Michigan of the Native American families up to six when the early Europeans made first contact with them. Building wigwams required animal skins and a variety of timber such as birch, pine, red maple, aspen, oak, cedar, chesnut, poplar and ash. Construction timing was critical. The bark had to be stripped and used in a two-day period for flexibility, otherwise it dried out and broke when bent for the shape of the wigwam.</p><br>
<p>When the park reconstructed their two reproductions it was learned that there was much more labor and technology involved that had not been originally anticipated. The wigwams built by the park do not have the center smoke hole as the Native Americans would have constructed. They would have had an internal fire for warmth and cooking and the smoke needed a path to escape the inside of their dwelling. The park used jute and metal rebar to build their two wigwams for durability since they are display model reproductions and not residences. The two wigwams that the park built are about 12 by at the base.</p><br>
<h3>Fur Trader Cabin: 1760</h3><br>
<p>Early European explorers looking for gold and a shortcut to the Orient realized that the fur-bearing animals that Native Americans trapped had value. Europeans desired beaver felt hats which led them to trade European trade goods for these pelts. One of the most desired trade item was the Hudson&#39;s Bay point blanket wool blankets. They were one of the main European items sought by native peoples in exchange for beaver pelts, buffalo robes, pemmican and moccasins. Attendees are asked to participate in trading to learn how the Europeans negotiated with the Native Americans in the eighteenth century.</p><br>
<p>The French Fur Trader Cabin depicting the later seventeen hundreds of the New World is a common French style that used poles set into the ground. The end walls were logs set on top of one another and locked in place by outer poles. This was called Poteau E Terre construction. The cabin built by the park was based on an archaeological excavation done on a similar period site in Wisconsin of a North West Trading Company building.</p><br>
<p>The parks reproduction has 2 by 6 tongue and groove boards to support the large snow falls of Michigan. The roof is covered with modern twentieth century roofing waterproofing material. It is then covered with bark and tree branches to give it an authentic historical look. The cabin then has a stockade wall around it to show what it might look like in that time period which most attendees dont expect.</p><br>
<h3>Settler’s Cabin: 1830</h3><br>
<p>Michigan had around 32,000 people in 1830. These early settlers often built log cabins on account of the abundant Michigan forests. This Settlers Cabin is typical of a simple 1- or -story structure that was built in the mid-nineteenth century. They were usually constructed with round rather than hewn, or hand-worked, logs, and were constructed quickly for frontier shelter.</p><br>
<p>The reproduction of the 1830 Settlers Cabin is the fifth stop on the half-mile trail loop. Interpreters show what life was like in this time period. One example is the spinning of wool that is sometimes demonstrated by an interpreter on the front porch of the cabin. Other work involved is churning butter, making candles, and grinding coffee grounds.</p><br>
<h3>Civil War Camp: 1861–65</h3><br>
<p>The battle at Fort Sumter in April 1861 started the American Civil War. Michigan sent 90,000 men to the war effort. About 15,000 died with over 9,000 due to disease. These men fought in many other states and spent a significant amount of time in camps like the one portrayed here. The camps were often dirty with poor hygiene. The recreated private&#39;s quarters is typical of a winter camp that enlisted Michigan soldiers lived in.</p><br>
<p>Some of the wooden structure reproductions are in fact no larger than a dog house. Two grown men shared the small space. Other aspects of military life shown at this stop include the soldiers&#39; food rations, their uniforms, and examples of their off-duty activities.</p><br>
<h3>Logging Shanty: 1880</h3><br>
<p>From 1841–1900 was the golden era of lumbering in Michigan. Virtually all the virgin timber was logged off. This exhibit shows a logging shanty that housed the lumberjacks. When a nearby tract of forest was cleared, this building was torn down and rebuilt in a new location.</p><br>
<p>This exhibit shows the work camp conditions of Michigan in the early 1880s. They show what the lumberjacks ate, how they were dressed, and their work they had to do. Some attendees even participate at a two-man saw demonstration. The young children are encouraged to climb into one of the bunk beds and also to play checkers as the lumberjacks would have done in the evening.</p><br>
<h3>Michigan farmhouse</h3><br>
<p>Near the end of the tour is a Michigan Farm House representing circa 1900. This shows attendees the history start of agricultural development in Michigan. Here there is an orchard of apple trees. In the future is planned a garden and some farm animals to show what early farm life in Michigan was like. Visitors may be asked to perform household chores to get the idea. Some of those chores were baking food on an open hearth and weeding a garden.</p><br>
<p>In the 1900s, 60% of the population in this country lived in rural areas. Michigan&#39;s agriculture started to change from feeding a family to feeding others. This was the beginning of growing the large scale crops that remain to this day. This building shows what living in a typical farmhouse from this era was like. There was no electricity, running water and outside is an outhouse.</p><br>
<h3>Civilian Conservation Corps: 1933</h3><br>
<p>The stock market crashed on October 29, 1929, which was a precursor and causation of the Great Depression. The nation’s unemployment was 25% at the beginning. Franklin D. Roosevelt became president in 1933. One of the first things he did was form the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was part of that to create employment. The work provided improved deforestation erosion and soil quality. The work for the young men opened up and made available public lands that otherwise was inaccessible.</p><br>
<p>The Civilian Conservation Corps camp representation of a 1933 CCC tent is near the Michigan farmhouse at the end of the half-mile park tour. Groups of young people that want to work as park volunteers will work with the park staff from here. Some attendees that don&#39;t especially want to be volunteers may be recruited also.</p><br>
<p>The Marion Ridgway Polygonal Barn located in LaPorte County on the southern edge of LaPorte, Indiana, is a multi-sided barn. Built in 1878 by Marion Ridgeway and called the Door Prairie Barn. The barn sits east of highway 35 surrounded by woods and cultivated fields. The nine-sided barn is south of a rectangular barn. The barn has nine-sides and is two-stories tall. The roof is capped with a sectional cone roof with a nine-sided cupola in the Gothic Revival/Italianate style. Within the louvered panels trim pieces resemble a lancet arch. The post and beam frame sits on wooden sill propped on stone.</p><br>
<h2>Exterior</h2><br>
<p>The roof is covered in wood shingles. There is an overhang, showing the rafters in the soffit area. The wall are covered with horizontal tongue and groove beveled siding. Corner boards at used where each wall section adjoins the next.</p><br>
<p>The barn faces north and has a large sliding door located off center to the west on the lower level. There are long narrow openings with operable wood shutters at each side of the wall section, with identical openings on the upper level. The upper level has a small hay door with a large hay dormer. The dormer has an out swinging hay door with a hay pulley at the top. The dormer is capped by a steeply pitched gable roof with exposed rafters.</p><br>
<p>The first side, described above, is followed by side two with its window and four-foot wide door. Side three has another window next to a door and there is a smaller hay door on the upper level, above the window. Side four contains another window and door pair while side five has the door and then the window with a smaller hay door above. Side six, is roughly parallel to the road, has the door and windowand on the upper level is painted: DOOR PRAIRIE 1878 LaPorte, Indiana. Side seven and eight both have doors and windows. Side eight has an upper level hay door above the window. Side nine contains the final door and window combination. The combination of windows and doors is said to give the barn its name: "Door Prairie Barn".</p><br>
<p>The name also is an associations with in LaPorte County, which means "Door." The county was named because of a natural "door" between the woods to the north and east and the prairie to the west and south. This section of the county is called Door Prairie. This doorway was a landmark on the Indian trail through the area. It became the site of Door Village.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>The interior is an arrangement of pens. On the lower level, the north end of the barn has the main entrance. To the east is a permanent stairway to the upper level. Symmetrically from this northern bay are eight equally spaced stalls, each with a gate at the barn&#39;s center and containing a door and window on the outer wall. At each of the points of intersection of the inner stall walls are large posts that extend to an overhead beam, which braces the floor joists of the upper level. The center of the barn is left open for movement of animals.</p><br>
<p>On the upper level, the bay to the east has a three section grain bin. This bin corresponds to the size of the animal pen below and does not extend to the roof above. Each compartment has a grain chute from the upper to the lower level. A walkway provides access to the large hay doors and makes the moving of the hay and straw easier. Most of the upper level is open for the storage of hay and straw.</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>Hanou, John. Research compiled on Indiana&#39;s round and polygonal barns from 1986 to present. Archived at Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana, 340 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202.</p><br>
<p>Intensive architectural survey of Indiana&#39;s round and polygonal barns. Conducted June to August 1991, conducted by Jerry McMahan, areawide survey of round and polygonal architectural and historical resources.</p><br>
<p>Kesling, Dr. Peter C. Owner of the Ridgeway (Kesling) barn, LaPorte, Indiana Interviewed by Jerry McMahan, 18 October 1991.</p><br>
<p>Soike, Lowell J. Without Right Angles, The Round Barns of Iowa. Des Moines, IA: Iowa State Historical Department, Office of Historic Preservation, 1983.</p><br>
<p>The McDermitt Caldera is a large, oval-shaped caldera west of McDermitt in southeastern Oregon and northern Nevada in the United States. It is about 28 mi wide north to south and 22 mi wide east to west. The western part of the caldera is in the Trout Creek Mountains, and the northern part is in the Oregon Canyon Mountains.</p><br>
<p>The caldera was formed when a lava dome made of rhyolite collapsed about 16 million years ago. The lava dome had been built by volcanic eruptions starting about 19 million years ago. Uranium was discovered in the caldera in 1953, and it was extracted mainly at the Moonlight mine on the caldera&#39;s southwestern edge. Other deposits in the caldera contain ores of antimony, cesium, and lithium.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>A lake formed when the caldera collapsed, with subsequent deposition of varved sediments, diatomite, horizons with opal or carbonaceous material, and mafic lavas. Moonlight Mine production is from a rhyolite brecciated fault zone. Ore minerals include uraninite and coffinite. The age of the uranium formation is assumed to be the same as the caldera tuff, which is approximately 16.1 Ma.</p><br>
<p>The Illinois Central Railroad and Toledo, Peoria, and Western Railroad Freight House was a historic freight depot located at 8-10 East Front Street in El Paso, Illinois. The freight depot was used by both the Illinois Central Railroad and the Toledo, Peoria, and Western Railroad, the two railroads which served El Paso and contributed significantly to the citys history. El Paso was founded in the 1850s by landowners who wished to win a bid for the crossing site of the two railroads. The newly formed city won the crossing the following year, and it soon grew substantially. The freight depot was built in 1889-90 after the original depot was destroyed. The depot sent out agricultural goods from the surrounding farmland and allowed local businesses to ship products and receive supplies, making it a crucial part of the citys economy. Rail transport through El Paso declined starting in the 1930s and ended entirely in the 1960s; the freight depot was the longest-standing building associated with both railroads, though it was eventually removed.</p><br>
<p>The depot was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 16, 1994; though it is no longer standing, it remains on the Register.</p><br>
<p>Ash Hole Cavern is a limestone cave system in Brixham, Devon, England. There is evidence of human habitation since Neolithic times,</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Ash Hole Cavern, which is situated in limestone rock of Devonian age, consists of an east-west-orientated main cave chamber and other fissures and smaller chambers. There are two entrances into the cave: the naturally formed entrance is at the bottom of a sinkhole at the eastern end of the main chamber, and a larger entrance, created by a breach during quarrying in the 19th century, is on the northern side.</p><br>
<p>Apart from the large main chamber, there are several smaller chambers, which extend downwards into the rock. One has a large amount of loose rock within it, and this chamber also extends upwards to a smaller fissure, underneath which a ladder helps gain access.</p><br>
<p>The cave is situated nearby Shoalstone Beach and the Berry Head Hotel, to the side of the road in a small wooded area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>There is evidence that the cave has been used for shelter by humans since the Bronze Age, and several pottery fragments of that era have been found just inside the natural entrance.</p><br>
<p>There is also evidence of Roman burials in the cavern there having been found several fragments of urns, in which have been found ashes and around those have been found bone fragments, and these have been dated to be from Roman times. Also found were several Roman coins including those of Claudius and Nero which were discovered in 1831.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations</h2><br>
<p>Several excavations have taken place in Ash Hole Cavern. Two have been recorded, one in the 19th Century and one in the 20th Century.</p><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>In around 1830, an excavation was carried out by the Rev. Henry Francis Lyte, who lived nearby.</p><br>
<p>Octavian Blewitt, writing in 1832, reported that there was a tradition that the cave was once open to a much greater extent, and that one passage led to Kingswear, four miles distant. The first step in the excavation was to find this passage, and every potential area was examined for it, especially the extremities of the cavern, where the stalagmite was quarried through in several places in search of it, but in vain. Blewitt concluded that there was no reason to believe that such a passage had ever existed.</p><br>
<p>Blewitt went on to report that next a perpendicular shaft was dug into the lowest part of the floor of the cave, and after four feet of rubbish had been worked through a layer of bones was discovered which was found to cover the whole of the floor of the cave at about the same depth. They consisted of sheep, ox, rabbit, and goose and chicken bones. Their vast quantities confused the excavators, but they later discovered that a large military encampment had been held on the neighbouring down for the whole of a summer, and the weather being extremely wet, the soldiers had eaten their meals in the cavern; which accounted for the accumulation of bones.</p><br>
<p>The shaft was then enlarged, and driven 20 feet deeper and there the remains of a human skeleton were found. Immediately under this were found considerable quantities of charcoal and ashes, and half-consumed bones, mixed with broken pottery, which proved the cavern had been a place of sepulchre, and perhaps accounted for the name of Ash Hole - a receptacle for the ashes of the dead. The pottery was Roman and was very coarse, unglazed, and scored on the outside in short parallel lines and was occasionally perforated around the rim. No single urn was found perfect but specimens of the shards were preserved.</p><br>
<p>Several human skeletons were subsequently discovered, together with some sling-stones, pieces of brass and ivory, and pottery of a finer texture; but although another chamber of the cavern was excavated, and the shaft in the floor sunk to a perpendicular depth of seventy feet, nothing else of particular interest was discovered and the original floor of the cavern was never reached; the workings having been carried out in the vast fragments of rock which had fallen into the cave from the sides and mouth of it, and the excavation among the loose stones became too dangerous to proceed.</p><br>
<p>Lyte&#39;s research established that the cave was the burial place of the Roman garrison.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>More pottery fragments, flint, and a Roman coin were found in the cave earth between 1965 and 1967. Most of the pottery was found to belong to the Bronze Age and was assigned to the regional Trevisker style of pottery (c. 1750–1000 BC). It was discovered that the cave had also been occupied in Neolithic, Iron Age, and Roman times.</p><br>
<p>Eigg Mountain is high plateau , part of the highlands of Antigonish County, Nova Scotia, Canada.</p><br>
<p>Originally used as winter hunting grounds by the Mi’kmaq people, Eigg Mountain was settled and farmed in the early nineteenth century by immigrants from Ireland and the Scottish Highlands. The place takes its name from the Isle of Eigg in western Scotland where some of the first settlers originated. Farming conditions were difficult at this high elevation. Winters were longer and the snow-cover deeper than in lowland areas. The soil was rocky and thin. Crop failures were reported in the 1890s. The school was closed in 1914. The entire settlement was abandoned shortly thereafter. The history of Eigg Mountain settlement is documented on an.</p><br>
<p>Eigg Mountain has been logged continuously since the eighteenth century, and logging is now the main economic activity there. People still hunt on Eigg Mountain as the Mi’kmaq did centuries ago; however the caribou are gone and the endangered mainland moose is now a protected species. In the summer people enjoy the area by hiking, cycling and exploring with all-terrain vehicles; in the winter by snowshoe, ski and snowmobile. A portion of Eigg Mountain was protected in 2003 as part of the Eigg Mountain-James River Wilderness Area.</p><br>
<p>The term Eigg Mountain is also used to refer to a peak that rises above the Eigg Mountain plateau to an elevation of 321.9 metres (Co-ordinates: 45&deg;41&prime;23&Prime;N latitude, 62&deg;10&prime;33&Prime;W longitude) and is the site of a horizontal control point or triangulation station.</p><br>
<p>The Stahly–Nissley–Kuhns Farm is a historic farm located at Nappanee, Elkhart County, Indiana. Nappanee was established in 1874. The Farm is part of Amish Acres, which includes the old farmstead and additional structure brought in to show Amish life.</p><br>
<p>The Kuhns farm includes the farmhouse, a bank barn, a windmill, a "grossdaadi haus," (grandfather house), an outhouse, a food drying house, a bake oven, a smokehouse, a root cellar, a hoghouse, and a garden plot. Associated with the farmstead is a cider mill, which was operated by the Kuhns family. The mill building was moved onto the property by the family around 1900. The mill is not a part of the historic area because it was moved onto the property.</p><br>
<p>The garden plot is a site. The windmill and root cellar are structures, which were supportive of human activities. The windmill was used to generate power; the root cellar was related to food storage.</p><br>
<p>Closely associated with the farmstead is a cider mill, which was operated by the Kuhns family. The mill building was moved onto the property by the family around the turn of the century. It has remained in the same location and has a high degree of integrity. It has not, however, been included in this nomination. The mill&#39;s physical relationship with the rest of the farmstead is diminished because of the buildings which have been moved onto the property.</p><br>
<h2>House</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in several stages. The first portion was constructed in 1893. It is a two-story wood structure with four bays and a side gable. The roof covered with diamond shaped slater. There are two chimneys, both inside the house frame. One is located at the west end and the other in the center. The house has a field stone foundation and clapboard siding. There is a one story shed roof porch on the front. Second floor windows are regularly spaced. Windows on the first story do not line up with second story windows. The house has plain corner boards and fascias.</p><br>
<p>The kitchen is on the west side of the stair; the living room is on the east. A medicine cabinet is located in the living room is typical of an Amish house. There are hooks on a board several feet from the floor all around the living room. These were for the use of Amish neighbors who gathered here on Sunday when it was the family&#39;s turn to host services. A grille in the ceiling sends heat to the room above.</p><br>
<p>Off the kitchen is a pantry. Off the living room is the master bedroom. This tiny bedroom has an east window with a view of the barn. On the west wall of the room is a door, which exits onto the rear porch. On the second floor, there is a narrow hall on the west side of the stairs. On the west side of the hall, on the south side of the house, there is a guest room. This, the house&#39;s largest bedroom, has bracketed shelves, intended for the display of objects. It is the only room in the house with this feature. On the west side of the hall is a walk-in closet, the only closet in the house. On the east side of the hall are two other bedrooms. The room to the west were used for laundry, dyeing, and other domestic activities. The south and east walls of this room, originally exterior walls have clapboard siding. There is no ceiling; rafters and roof sheathing can be seen overhead. The floor is wood.</p><br>
<p>There are wood floors and plaster ceilings and walls throughout the house. The southernmost room of the gable roof rear section of the house is a milk house. Inside this room, on the south wall, is a stone trough. The floor is dirt.</p><br>
<p>There is a shed roof, one story section on the north side of the two-story section. The central section is open. This open section, or porch, has doors leading into the kitchen, cellar, master bedroom, and west addition. There is a pump for drawing water from a well located under the porch.</p><br>
<p>Extending from the west end is a one story shed roof addition with a concrete foundation constructed in the 1920s. This addition adjoins an earlier, east section, and consists of three rooms. The two southernmost rooms comprise the original house, built by Moses Stahly in 1874. The third room was added later. The south room of the original house was converted to a milk house at some point.</p><br>
<h2>Grossdaadi haus</h2><br>
<p>South of the main house is the grossdaadi haus. It is a one and a half-story frame structure. The house has a gable roof-with wood shingles. There is a brick chimney on the top of the gable. The house has two additions, one the west side and one to the back. It also has clapboard siding. It was moved from Nappanee and is thought to have been built between 1874and the 1910s, when Nissley and his wife moved into it.</p><br>
<h2>Farm buildings</h2><br>
<p>Northeast of the main house is a large bank barn. It has a gable roof with wood shingles. Siding is vertical wood planks. The foundation is field stone with a hand hewn beams. The trees used were cut on the farm. A threshing floor is on the top floor. On the ground floor are stables and milking stalls. On the west end of the barn, there is a shed roof addition which contains a corn crib and wagon shed.</p><br>
<p>There is a windmill constructed in the 1920s, south of the barn.</p><br>
<p>West of the house are three small outbuildings. They are the food drying house, the bake oven, and the smoke house. Each is a frame structure with a front gable roof and wood shingles.</p><br>
<p>The food-drying house has beveled horizontal siding. There are shallow drawers for the food to be dried. The smokehouse and bake oven have vertical wood siding. All three buildings appear to be from about 1900.</p><br>
<p>To the west of the food drying house is a wood frame outhouse with a front gable roof, wood shingles on the roof and horizontal wood siding. It appears to date from about 1900.</p><br>
<p>North of the smoke house is a root cellar built into the ground. It uses field stone for the walls and an earthen roof.</p><br>
<p>The hoghouse, north of the main house, has a concrete foundation, a standing seam metal, gable roof, and vertical board siding. It was constructed in the early part of the century.</p><br>
<h2>Garden</h2><br>
<p>The garden plot is south of the food drying house and the outhouse. The garden is planted with herbs, and rows of vegetables. Alternating rows contain flowers.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Farm represents the lifestyle of the Nappanee-area Amish during the late 19th and early 20th century. The structures themselves are illustrative of the simple architecture favored by the Amish.</p><br>
<p>The Stahly–Nissley–Kuhns Farm is perhaps the best representation of an old Amish farm in the Nappanee area Amish settlement. The vast majority of Amish farms in the Nappanee area have been altered to some degree in the name of home improvement. Many have aluminum or some other type of synthetic siding. Some of the farm properties have intrusions in the form of new buildings to house motorized vehicles and modern farm equipment, which are gradually becoming accepted among many Amish groups.</p><br>
<p>The Indiana Historic Sites and Structures Inventory for Elkhart County (1976) identified two Amish farms in the Nappanee area. These are the Stahly–Nissley–Kuhns Farm, and the Schmucker Farm, located across the road. The Stahly–Nissley–Kuhns Farm now operates as a farm museum and is part of a development known as Amish Acres.</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>"Amish–Beachy–Conservative Nappanee Community Directory." Volume II. Nappanee, Indiana, 1978. Chapman, Charles C. and Company. History of Elkhart County Indiana. Chicago: Charles C. Chapman and Company, 1881.</p><br>
<p>Goshen Daily Democrat. Atlas and Plat Book of Elkhart County, Indiana. Rockford, Illinois: The Thrift Press, 1929.</p><br>
<p>Higgins, Beldon and Co. An Illustrated Historical Atlas of Elkhart County, Indiana. Chicago: Higgins, Beldon and Co., 1874.</p><br>
<p>Indiana Department of Natural Resources. Indiana Historic Sites and Structures Inventory, 1976.</p><br>
<p>Landing, James E. "The Spatial Development and Organization of an Old Order Amish-Beachy Araish Settlement: Nappanee, Indiana." Ph.D. dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University, 1967.</p><br>
<p>Ogle, George A. and Company. Plat Book of Elkhart County, Indiana. Chicago: George A. Ogle and Company, 1892.</p><br>
<p>Ogle, George A. and Company. Standard Ailafi. a£ Elkhart County. Indiana. Chicago: George A. Ogle and Company, 1915</p><br>
<p>Wenger, John Christian. The Mennonites in Indiana and Michigan. Scottdale, Pennsylvania: Herald Press, 1961.</p><br>
<p>The Menno Yoder barn is one of the two remaining poured concrete polygonal barns in the United States state of Indiana. Built on the outskirts of Shipshewana in 1908 by Menno Yoder, this twelve-sided barn has been expanded upon. It is known as the Brown Swiss Dairy barn. A gravel drive extends to the barn, passing the 1911 concrete farmhouse. The polygonal barn consists of the original 1908 twelve-sided barn, a 1911 attached silo, a c.1920 rectangular addition, and a 1960s one story addition. Next to the barn is a free standing c.1950 milk house.</p><br>
<p>Cultivated fields lie to the south and west.</p><br>
<h2>Exterior</h2><br>
<p>The twelve-sided, two-storied structure has a two pitch sectional gambrel with a metal aerator at the top. The one-story 1960s barn is on the northwest side and has a gambrel roof that covers the gap between the polygonal barn and the two-story c.1920 barn behind. The two-story c.1920 barn is on the southwest side and has a shallow pitch gable roof, which wraps around the twelve-sided barn. A small rectangular addition on the south side of the two-story barn was erected in c.1960. The rectangular c.1920 barn is two stories tall.</p><br>
<p>All roofs are metal and feature slight overhanging eaves and exposed rafters. Walls of the polygonal barn are of poured concrete, which were never painted or finished. The c.1920 barn has vertical wood sided walls, and the c.1960 barn has glazed block walls. All foundations are of concrete.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>A central drive runs from north to south, connecting the two lower level doors. On either side are pens for horses and cows, with four horse stalls on either side at the north end and six cattle stalls on either side at the south end. There is a small walkway between the horse and cattle stalls and another walkway next to the outside walls at the south end of the barn. Behind the stalls on both the east- and west sides are smaller open areas with feed alleys that served as low pens for sheep and calves. Additionally, there is a set of stairs to the upper level in the northeast corner of the barn and a bull stall in the northwest corner. The upper level consists of a large haymow for the storage of hay and straw and the roofs system is readily visible. Windows help to provide light to the upper level where laminated beams serve as the main means of support between the two different roof sections. Additionally, another laminated beam is placed near the roofs apex to offer support for the metal aerator that successfully ventilates the upper reaches of the barn. The only door on the upper level is the one on the east that is serviced by the ramp and the stairs to the lower level are located in the northeast quadrant.</p><br>
<p>The ground level is composed of many pens on either side of a main walkway running north to south. There is a shorter walkway that connects this main walk to the twelve-sided barn, with the smaller walk running east-west. The upper floors are open for the storage of hay and straw. The northern barn, being one story, has only attic space above the lower level.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Yoder Polygonal Barn is one of few masonry barns in the state, and one of only two remaining polygonal concrete structures in Indiana. The barn is an important and direct link to the agricultural development that occurred in the state from 1850 to 1936. The period of significance of the barn is 1908–1936. After 1936, round and polygonal barns were considered obsolete.</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>"A Concrete Barn". The Indiana Farmer, Vol. LXV, No. 13, May 8, 1909, p. 2.</p><br>
<p>Hanou, John. Research compiled on Indianas round and polygonal barns from 1986 to present. Archived at Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana, 340 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202. Intensive architectural survey of Indianas round and polygonal barns, Conducted June to August 1991, conducted by Jerry McMahan, area wide survey of round and polygonal architectural and historical resources.</p><br>
<p>Rolfe, AL. Two Barns of Unique Design". Country Life, Vol. XX, October 1, 1911, p. 62 and 68.</p><br>
<p>Soike, Lowell J. Without Right Angles, The Round Barns of Iowa; Des Moines, IA: Iowa State Historical Department, Office of Historic Preservation, 1983.</p><br>
<p>Yoder, Menno S. "A Concrete Barn". The Dakota Farmer, April 15, 1910, p 14-15.</p><br>
<p>Yoder, Menno S. "Building a Concrete Silo". The Farmer&#39;s Guide, Vol. XXIII, No. December 16, 1911, p. 4.</p><br>
<p>Yoder, Menno S. "Twelve-sided Cement Barn". The Farmer&#39;s Guide, Vol. XX, No. 25, June 20, 1908, p. 1. Vol. XX, No., August 21, 1908, p. 7. Vol. XX, No., December 12, 1908, p. 5.</p><br>
<p>Yoder, Menno S. "Yoders Cement Barn". Hoards Dairyman, Vol. XL, No. 2, January 8, 1919, p. 1355. "Yoder&#39;s Stable Plans". Vol. XL, No. 11, April 16, 1909, p.l.</p><br>
<p>Lake MacDonnell is a salt lake on western Eyre Peninsula near the Nullarbor Plain. The closest town is Penong. It is the site of a former salt mine and the largest gypsum mine in Australia, on the largest gypsum deposit in the southern hemisphere.</p><br>
<h2>Ore body</h2><br>
<p>The ore body consists of calcrete coastal dunes of the Pleistocene Bridgewater Formation in a 20 km northwest-trending depression. The gypsum formed during the Holocene period.</p><br>
<p>The gypsum deposit has a one-metre layer of gypsarenite containing 93 percent gypsum calcium sulphate. Below that is a 5 m layer of selenite containing 94-96% calcium sulphate. The deposit may contain as much as 500-700 million tonnes over an area of 87 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<h2>Mine</h2><br>
<p>Gypsum has been mined at Lake MacDonnell since 1919.</p><br>
<p>Gypsum is mined using bulldozers and excavation equipment. It is stockpiled for several years to allow salt to leach out from natural rainfall. It is then loaded onto trains using front-end loaders.</p><br>
<p>Gypsum is transported 64 km by three trains per day from Kevin to the port of Thevenard. Kevin is the name of the station on the Eyre Peninsula Railway network established for the mines, named from the Hundred of Kevin (which in turn was named for the adopted son of Charles Cameron Kingston). It is stockpiled at Thevenard, then loaded onto ships to Glebe Island in Sydney for further processing.</p><br>
<p>Fort Collins Municipal Railway Birney Safety Streetcar No. 21 is a streetcar  in Fort Collins, Colorado, listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places. Built in 1919 by the American Car Company It was listed on the National Register in 1984</p><br>
<h2>Original use</h2><br>
<p>Introduced in 1915, the Birney Safety Car was a new standardized streetcar design that encompassed new safety features; it was also lighter in weight than earlier designs and more economical to operate. Its economies gave a "new lease on life" to many small-town streetcar systems. The Fort Collins streetcar system used Birney cars exclusively from 1919, when the system was municipalized, until its abandonment on June 30, 1951.</p><br>
<p>No. 21 was built in 1919 and entered service on May 30 of that year. Car 21 was one of four cars purchased new by the Fort Collins Municipal Railway (FCMR) at that time (numbered 20–23), built by the American Car Company, of St. Louis. FCMR expanded its small fleet with additional Birney cars in 1920 (one car) and 1924 (two), At least five of the seven cars were preserved by individuals or groups after the closure. Car 21 was the only one to remain in Fort Collins, where it was displayed outside the Pioneer Museum, predecessor of the Fort Collins Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration and return to operation</h2><br>
<p>In 1977, the Fort Collins Junior Women&#39;s Club proposed giving 1919-built streetcar 21 a cosmetic restoration, as the car had become dilapidated from years of exposure. This proposal evolved into a more ambitious plan, to restore the car to operating condition and restore a section of the former streetcar system as an operating heritage railway. A new carbarn was built at the west end of Mountain Avenue in 1982–1983, and car 21 was moved into it on August 21, 1983, following which volunteers from FCMRS began work restoring car 21. Under an agreement signed in 1981, the city permitted FCMRS to restore a 1.5 mi section of track along West Mountain Avenue and Roosevelt Avenue and eventually operate the streetcar along it. The heritage streetcar operation would use the same name as the former streetcar-transit system, the Fort Collins Municipal Railway.</p><br>
<p>Restoration of the section of track and of Birney Safety Streetcar 21 was completed in 1984, and the first public trips on the new heritage streetcar line took place on December 29, 1984 – the 77th anniversary of the original introduction of electric streetcar service in Fort Collins.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Like many streetcars, car 21 is a "double-ended" car – capable of being operated from either end. It has a single door on each side. The backs of its wooden-bench seats are reversible, allowing the seats to face either end of the car. This type of seat was also known as a "walkover" seat, as the motorman could walk down the cars center aisle at the end of the line and flip the backs of the seats over. The 600 Volts DC that powers the cars electric motor is collected from the overhead trolley wire via a trolley pole on the roof; only one of the two poles is in use at a time, depending on the direction of travel. The car has a single truck and, overall, is approximately 27 ft long and 8 ft wide.</p><br>
<p>Fort Collins car 21 is one of three Birney streetcars listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the others being Fort Collins Municipal Railway No. 22 and Birney Safety Streetcar No. 224, in Fort Smith, Arkansas.</p><br>
<p>Gberefu Island also known as Point of No Return is a populated historical island located in Badagry, a town and local government area of Lagos State, South-Western Nigeria. Symbolized by two poles slightly slanted towards each other and facing the Atlantic Ocean, the island was a major slave port after it was opened in 1473 during the Trans Atlantic Slave Trade era. According to Nigerian historians, as many as 10,000 slaves were believed to have been shipped to the Americas between 1518 and 1880 from the island.</p><br>
<h2>People</h2><br>
<p>Gberefu Island is headed by a chief and it is also made up of ten communities including Daloko, Hungbo, Fowler, Gbogbobawa, Sukena, Hausa, Gbaragada, Konfidame, Yovoyan and Ilaje most of which are farmers and fishermen. The Ilajes, Eguns and some Ghanians form the three major tribes occupying the island.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>Since Gberefu Island is an historic site, it has attracted several tourists around the world thereby increasing its notability. According to a 2015 statistics released on The Guardian, a total number of 3,634 people visited the island in 6 months.</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>The Morris Avenue Historic District is an industrial district in Birmingham, Alabama. The district covers Morris Avenue from 20th Street to 25th Street and First Avenue from 21st to 26th Street. The Morris Avenue section comprises a set of late 19th century masonry warehouses that were Birmingham&#39;s main food distribution center until the 1950s. The First Avenue section of the district comprises a mixed neighborhood of late 19th century offices and warehouses, built shortly after the Morris Avenue development. The combined areas include 63 contributing structures, of the 69 buildings in the district. Notable buildings include the Liberty Trouser Building and the A.C. Legg Building on Morris Avenue on either side of the Moskowitz Warehouse. On First Avenue the Birmingham Realty Building and the A.A. Adams Realty Building, as well as the Goodall-Brown Building are notable.</p><br>
<p>The Morris Avenue district was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 24, 1973. It was incorporated into the Morris Avenue - First Avenue district on January 9, 1986.</p><br>
<p>Unnamed island, Baird Bay  is an island located in South Australia within Baird Bay about 32 km south by west of the town of Streaky Bay on the west coast of Eyre Peninsula. The island has enjoyed protected area status since 1967 and it has been part of the Baird Bay Islands Conservation Park since 1972.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The unnamed island in Baird Bay is an island located at the northern end of Baird Bay about 10 km north-west of the town of Baird Bay and about 32 km south by west of the town of Streaky Bay on the west coast of Eyre Peninsula in South Australia. The island consists of a calcarenite platform which slopes via a "compacted scree" to a beach that surrounds the island on all sides apart from the south side where wave action has formed a ledge. The island is connected to the mainland by a spit which dries at "extreme low tide" to form a means of access to the island.</p><br>
<h2>Formation, geology and oceanography</h2><br>
<p>The island was formed about 6000 years ago following the rise of sea levels at the start of the Holocene. The island consists of an exposed calcarenite layer. The waters surrounding the island are less than 5 m in depth.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<h3>Flora</h3><br>
<p>During 1979, the island was surveyed as part of a study to determine the feasibility of introducing, brush-tailed bettong, a native mammal. The survey found two distinct vegetation communities that covered the island’s platform in "roughly equal proportions" - one being a "low shrubland dominated by umbrella bush" and the other being a "more open grassland." Thirty-nine plant species were found to be present including sticky hop-bush, shore westringia, black-anther flax lily, Australian hollyhock, various speargrass species and introduced species such as bearded oat.</p><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<p>Vertebrate animals are represented by mammals, birds and reptiles.</p><br>
<p>Mammals are represented by three introduced species - house mouse, European rabbit (skeletal remains) and red fox (tracks observed). While no native species has been reported as being observed on the island, a group of ten brush-tailed bettong were released onto the island in 1982 as part of a program to support this critically endangered species. The group which grew to a stable population of 20 was destroyed in 1994 by a "fox" which have crossed from the mainland to the island.</p><br>
<p>As of 2006, the following bird species have been observed on the island: Australian pelican, black-faced cuckooshrike, double-banded plover, fairy tern, little egret, osprey, pied cormorant, pied oystercatcher, red-capped plover, Richard&#39;s pipit, singing honeyeater, silver gull, sooty oystercatcher stubble quail, swamp harrier, welcome swallow and white-bellied sea eagle.</p><br>
<p>As of 2006, reptiles were represented by bull skink and marbled gecko.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>European use</h3><br>
<p>As of 2012, the island has no official name and is identified in two sources by the cadastral description, "Section 181, Hundred Wrenfordsley, County of Robinson." One of the above-mentioned sources used the name "Baird Bay Island" in order to distinguish it from other unnamed islands discussed within its content.</p><br>
<p>It is one of the islands off the west coast of Eyre Peninsula where native vegetation was cleared for "grazing by early pastoralists". Contemporary use of the island as of 1996 was reported as follows - "a small stone hut has been built into a section of coastal cliff and was possibly built and used by fishermen, and a limestone chimney is all that."</p><br>
<h2>Protected area status</h2><br>
<p>The island first received protected area status along with Jones Island in 1967 as a Fauna Conservation Reserve. Since 1972, it has been part of the Baird Bay Islands Conservation Park. Since 2012, the waters adjoining its shoreline are in a habitat protection zone within the West Coast Bays Marine Park. The island is also located within an area in Baird Bay which has been listed since at least 1996 as a "wetland of national importance" in the Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia.</p><br>
<p>Sylvester Manor is a historic manor on Shelter Island in Suffolk County, New York, USA.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land, spanning 8,000 acres on Shelter Island, was acquired by English-born colonist Nathaniel Sylvester in the 17th century. Sylvester and his brother owned two plantations in Barbados and over 200 African slaves. When he died in 1680, the estate and 23 African slaves were inherited by his descendants.</p><br>
<p>The manor on the estate was built in 1737 for Nathaniel Sylvester&#39;s grandson, Brinley Sylvester. African slaves and European indentured servants built it. The last slave was freed in 1820. The grounds include a cemetery of unmarked graves for African slaves.</p><br>
<p>Later, the manor was inherited by the wife of renowned Harvard University professor Eben Norton Horsford. They entertained often, one of their guests being Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.</p><br>
<p>In recent years, it was the home of heiress Alice Fiske. More recently, it was inherited by Bennett Konesni. With his uncle, Eben Fiske Ostby, he co-founded the Sylvester Manor Educational Farm with the help of the Peconic Land Trust.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural significance</h2><br>
<p>The manor has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since April 28, 2015.</p><br>
<p>Banski Dvor  is a building and cultural center in Banja Luka, the capital of the Serbe Republic of Bosnia, in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was built in the period 1931-32 as the seat of Duke  of Vrbas Banovina, an administrative region of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.</p><br>
<h2>Nowadays</h2><br>
<p>In 1998 Banski Dvor officially became a public cultural institution and nowadays is the most important cultural center of the city of Banja Luka and the Serb Republic with of thousand of visitors per year. Every year it holds hundreds of events, notable for their high number and variety: concerts, exhibitions of local and foreign artists, book presentations, roundtables and it cooperates with the realizations of important happenings and festivals of the city.</p><br>
<p>Until the reconstruction of the Palace of Republika Srpska, in 2008, it served as the seat of the President of Republika Srpska of Bosnia.</p><br>
<h2>Palace</h2><br>
<p>When the Vrbas Banate was formed in 1929, the first Ban was Svetislav Tisa Milosavljević and he felt the need to build a representative seat. In early 1931, the competition was announced in Belgrade and Sarajevos National newspapers, for the conceptual sketch of Ban’s Court (Banski Dvor) and Bans Palace (Banski Palat), and the first award was received by the architects from Belgrade Jovanka Bončić Kateřinice, Anđelija Pavlovic and John G. Rankovic.</p><br>
<p>The major work was awarded to the construction company Kosta Šijački from Belgrade, under the direction of the young architect Branko Jovanović, while the artistic design of the facade and the interiors was led by the sculptor and academician Đorđe Jovanović.</p><br>
<p>The works on Banski Dvor began in March 1931, while the official opening of the building was on 8 November 1932.</p><br>
<p>Bans court had rooms for meetings, conference rooms, a hall, flat ban with the apartment for important visitors, the room heating, kitchen, toilets, dressing rooms and other spaces.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>In the lower zones of the building is dominated by a Renaissance influence and academic classicism and medieval architecture elements are present in higher zones. Important place belongs to the folk elements of the Balkan Peninsula.</p><br>
<p>After the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1992 to 1995, in accordance with the provisions of Annex General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the provisions of the Implementation of the Decisions of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Banski Dvor enjoys the status of a national monument, one of the most important for Bosnia and Herzegovina. In addition to the exceptional architectural value, this monument of architectural heritage partially preserved authentic inner spaces, decoration and furniture. Originally preserved interiors are inseparable cultural, historical and aesthetic whole with overall architectural values of the building.</p><br>
<p>As a unique monument of representative interior design from the beginning of the fourth decade of the 20th century, the work of well-known and in its time highly regarded creators - decorators - because of its authentic values, aesthetic and stylistic homogeneity, which is the reflection of this period in the history of art and valuable documentation of it, because of its relatively high degree of preservation in relation to the original state, as well as because of the threat expressed in actual and possible changes arising from the use, it is necessary to do detailed scientific research of the interiors and its authentic furniture, and present it to the wider professional audience and to the public, and in that way ensure the preservation of these excellent examples of applied art of its time.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The palace was used as residence for the Ban of Vrbas Banovina until 1941. During World War II the interior was destroyed, and most of expensive furniture, paintings and other objects irretrievably lost. After the war, the house was used as a military and political center. Since 1955, the decision passed by the then city authorities, the building was given to the management of the House of Culture. The establishment of the Serb Republic 9 January 1992, Ban&#39;s Palace became the seat of the president. And in 1998 officially became a public cultural institution called the Cultural Centre Banski Dvor.</p><br>
<h3>World War II damage and subsequent uses</h3><br>
<p>The biggest damage to the building and its interiors occurred during the Second World War, when the German command troop was located in it. During this period, the Big ceremonial hall was used as a warehouse for grain, and for a while even as a stable. During the war interiors were ruined, and a large amount of precious furniture and equipment robbed--chandeliers, carpets, art, furniture, kitchenware. After the liberation of Banja Luka, the building was used as headquarters for the 37th Division of NOV, it was partially equipped for the purposes of an army club. After 1945 further adaptations were made gradually and the building kept changing its users: the Communist Party District Committee, Municipal Committee of the Communist Party, District and Municipal Committee of Communist Youth, the Popular Front, the Anti-Fascist Council of Women, District Union Council, the Workers&#39; cultural and artistic society "Pelagic".</p><br>
<p>During 1952-1953, the County workers&#39; council has allocated 4,500,000 dinars and organized labor action in collectives, to bring back to use Grand hall and other damaged spaces.</p><br>
<h3>Restoration project</h3><br>
<p>The restoration project from 1953 was signed by the architect Stojan Borovnica, engineer from Banja Luka present at the auction for masonry and covering works at the Palace in 1931. During this renovation, in 1953, the idea emerged that the building should be given the name and the function Radnički Dom (Workers Hall). The new function started to take shape since 1954, when the building started to hold concerts, ballet courses, sections for music, poetry and theatrical content etc. During that time idea about forming Cultural centre started to emerge, in the meantime, the building housed City library, Reading room, City Museum, Workers University, the editors office "of Banja Luka newspaper", with Radio Club radio station, music school. Some of these institutions have remained in the building until the 1969 earthquake.</p><br>
<h3>Earthquake and last changes</h3><br>
<p>In the earthquake the building was very badly damaged, so the interior suffered changes. Restoration was carried out in 1972 according to the original project documentation. The exterior appearance of the building is a complete reconstruction of the original appearance that almost in nothing deviate from the authentic, but the internal spaces significantly altered compared to the original design, in the layout of the rooms as well as in the appearance of the details. Parter, Grand Hall and the Blue salon, halls and stairways suffered the least changes in purpose, schedule, size and decoration, while the biggest changes were made in the premises of the second floor, which is logical when one takes into account that the building was adjusted to the new function - a set of different administrative activities in the field of culture, Arts and Science.</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>Located Clarksville in Howard County, Maryland, United States, Huntington Farms.</p><br>
<p>Huntington Farms is a two story L-shaped brick house started in 1840 by John T. Hardey. Hardey&#39;s brother Dr. William H. Hardey, built Montrose next door in 1844. The house was built during the antebellum slavery period in the Howard District of Anne Arundel County, which later became Howard County. In 1875, the house was destroyed in a fire and rebuilt in its current configuration. The property contains a brick kiln that was used by slaves to fire bricks, and a graveyard that contains family and slaves. The graveyard containing Nicholas Hardy, buried in 1850 is now located between two pipe-stem driveways in the subdivision.</p><br>
<p>The surrounding farmland has been reduced from 185 acres to 13 acres in 1977 and subdivided to only 3.085 acres around the original house for residential development.</p><br>
<p>Gurara Waterfalls is located in Gurara, a local government area of Niger State, North Central Nigeria. The waterfalls is approximately 30metres in height and it lies on the Gurara river along the Suleja-Minna Road.</p><br>
<h2>Myth and folklore</h2><br>
<p>According to oral history, Gurara Waterfalls was discovered by a Gwari hunter called Buba in 1745 before some Europeans discovered it in 1925 after they found it as a recreation centre. Prior to the discovery of the waterfalls by the Europeans, Gurara Waterfalls was worshipped by people living in communities around it. Oral history also has it that Gurara Waterfalls and Gurara River were named after two deities called Gura and Rara.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>Despite its chequered history, Gwarara Waterfalls is one of the major tourist sites in Nigeria. There have been plans in recent times to turn it into a resort with a recreation centre and a seven-star hotel around it.</p><br>
<p>Île-Grande  is an island on the north coast of Brittany , linked to the mainland by a road. Its size is about 2 km by 1 km, and there is a village on the island. It is in the commune of Pleumeur-Bodou .</p><br>
<p>A smaller island, Île Aganton, is to the west, adjacent to Île-Grande. On the coast, Trébeurden lies to the south-west, and Trégastel to the east.</p><br>
<h2>Prehistory</h2><br>
<p>In the centre of the island is a prehistoric site, an allée couverte (gallery grave). The site is known as Ty-Lia or Ty-ar-C&#39;horrandoned. Constructed in neolithic times, its size is about 9 metres by 1.5 metres; several upright stones support two large stone slabs.</p><br>
<h2>Literary associations</h2><br>
<p>The writer Joseph Conrad stayed at a house in Île-Grande from 7 April to 14 August 1896, during his honeymoon. He worked there on his novel The Rescue. His short story "The Idiots" was set in the area, and includes many details observed during his stay there; granite-quarrying is mentioned, which was important for the island at that time.</p><br>
<p>Arani, also known as Araniar or Araniyar, is a 108 km long river) in India. It flows through the states of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.</p><br>
<p>The Arani river rises at Sadasivakonda at an elevation of 1040 m in the Narayanavanam Protected Forest in the eastern slopes of the Eastern Ghats in Chittoor district, flows initially in a general southerly direction and later in an easterly direction to join the southwest tip of the Pulicat Lake in Minjur Block, Tiruvallur district and then into the Bay of Bengal through tidal inlets after flowing in a 6-km long narrow lagoon separated by a barrier island. The Arani river basin is bounded by the Swarnamukhi river basin towards north, Kalangi and a minor river basin towards northeast, and Kortallaiyar (also called Kusasthali, Nagari and Kosasthalaiyar) river basin towards south and west. It lies in Karvetinagar, KVB Puram, Nagalapuram, Narayanavanam, Nindra, Pichatur, Puttur, Satyavedu, Vadamalapet, Vedurukuppam and Vijayapuram mandals of Chittoor district, a little in Tada mandal in Nellore district, and Ellapuram, Arani, Gummidipundi, Minjur, Poondi and Sholavaram blocks in Gummidipundi, Ponneri, Tiruvallur and Utukkottai taluks of Tiruvallur district in Tamil Nadu.</p><br>
<p>It has a drainage area of about 1535 sq km with over one half lying in Andhra Pradesh. The basin lies between north latitudes 13°15 and 13°32 and east longitudes 79°20 and 80°17 and is located in the Survey of India topographic maps 57 O and 66 C on a scale of 1:250,000 and 57 O/7, 57 O/10, 57 O/11, 57 O/15, 66 C/3 and 66 C/7 on a scale of 1:50,000.is a drainage map of the Arani river basin showing the characters of youth stage in the early course, mature stage in the middle course and old stage in the final course. The early stage is characterized by narrow, V-shaped and steeply-sloping valleys at high elevation and relief with vertical erosion exceeding lateral erosion, the middle stage with U-shaped valleys with narrow floodplain where lateral erosion exceeding vertical erosion, and the late stage by broad U-shaped valleys with wide floodplains, extreme lateral erosion and peneplanation. The whole basin is dotted with a number of irrigation reservoirs of varying sizes with most of them located in the old stage.</p><br>
<p>Arniar dam with 49 million cubic meters live storage capacity was constructed in the year 1958 to irrigate 2,230 hectares land in Chitoor district in Andhra Pradesh.</p><br>
<p>The Eureka College Administration Building and Chapel are the two oldest buildings on the campus of Eureka College in Eureka, Illinois. The administration building was built in 1858; as the campus became too large to fit in one building, the chapel was added in 1869. The buildings were the only ones at the college for almost twenty-five years and are still the focal point of the campus. In addition to their role in the college&#39;s history, both buildings are architecturally significant. The administration building has an Italianate design, which can be seen most prominently in the frieze and roof overhang, with Federal-influenced windows and Georgian main entrances. The chapel has an Italian Villa design with bracketed eaves and tall, thin arched windows.</p><br>
<p>The buildings were added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 31, 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Huzenbacher See  is a tarn in the Northern Black Forest in southwestern Germany. It lies within the municipal territory of Baiersbronn around seven kilometres north of the village itself at a height of 747 metres in the Black Forest National Park. It is steeped in legend and is also known today for its yellow water lilies, the flowers of which may be seen from mid to late July.</p><br>
<p>The tarn was formed about 25,000 to 30,000 years ago. From the 18th century it was used as Schwallwasser i.e. for the floating of logs downstream as part of the timber rafting industry. In 1895 a weir was built at the outflow of the tarn in order to be able to regulate the water level better. This raised the lake by about 2 metres and gave it a depth of 7 to 8 metres. By raising the water level the surface of the land by the shore was loosened and floated up. Part of the lake is still covered by e web of moss, roots and young trees today. A similar phenomenon has occurred at the tarns of Nonnenmattweiher and the Kleiner Arbersee.</p><br>
<p>In the night of 1 July 2012 a storm caused severe damage in the forest district of Baiersbronn; the wood on the eastern shore of the Huzenbacher See being destroyed.</p><br>
<p>Jantar Mantar is an observatory built in Varanasi in the year 1737 by Maharaja Jai Singh II of kingdom of Amber . The observatory is one of the five observatories built by Maharaja Jai Singh II.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Maharaja Jai Singh II was also an astronomer and had a deep interest in science and astronomy. In the early 18th century, he sent his scholars to several countries to study design, construction and technology of the observatories and also the prevalent technology. The scholars returned with their observations and many manuals on astronomy. Subsequently between 1724 and 1737, Maharaja Jai Singh II had five observatories constructed in Jaipur, Mathura, New Delhi, Ujjain and in Varanasi.</p><br>
<p>There is another evidence of the observatory being built at least two centuries before 1772. According to, Volume I, Chapter I, page number 39, Sir Robert Barker, in 1772, wrote that the observatory was built about 200 years ago by Raja Mawnsing, son of Jaysing. He states "The principal curiosity here is the observatory, built by Mawnsing,the son of Jysing, about 200 years ago; there is an exceedingly good mural arch cut upon a fine plaister of chunam, so fine and smooth, that it has the appearance of marble; and though it is certainly very old, it still is perfect, but the index is wanting; that is a loss which could very easily be supplied by a person who has a taste for these studies; for the centres are left in the wall."</p><br>
<p>It clearly indicates that the observatory was built centuries beofore the British came to India.</p><br>
<p>A rather curious point arises here out of this chronology about the dating of the Benares observatory: Barker along with Pearse, and A. Campbell visited the observatory in 1772. If the observatory was actually built in 1737, it was only 35 years old at this date. Both Barker and Pearse specifically state that it had been there for some two centuries. They must have arrived at this statement after meeting and conversing with persons who, if the observatory had been constructed only 35 years previously, must have been eye witnesses to its construction. As there was no controversy in 1772 about the date of the construction of the observatory, it is inconceivable that Barker’s informants misled him on this point. The conversion of two centuries into 35 years</p><br>
<p>is the most fabulous aspect of this controversy.</p><br>
<h2>Purpose</h2><br>
<p>Jantar Mantar was constructed with an aim of measuring local time, altitude (of the place) and also to measure declination of Sun, stars and planets and to determine eclipses. Motion, speed and properties of stars and planets were also recorded using several special instruments.</p><br>
<p>The Buhlbachsee is a tarn  in the northern Black Forest on the southwestern edge of the parish of Baiersbronn in the county of Freudenstadt in Baden-Württemberg. Since 1 January 2014 it has been part of the Black Forest National Park.</p><br>
<p>The tarn lies around 4.5 kilometres southeast of the summit of the Schliffkopf in the Buhlbach valley and less than half a kilometre northeast of the Black Forest High Road. The lake can be reached on foot over various paths including from Kniebis, Baiersbronn-Obertal or from the Black Forest High Road.</p><br>
<p>The tarn is about 160 metres wide and almost circular in shape. Only in the northeast, where the Buhlbach stream, which enters from the southwest, leaves the lake again is there a "nose" that gives it a length of about 200 metres. There is an island in the lake, about 0.7 hectares in area, which is covered in birch trees.</p><br>
<p>Like all tarns the Buhlbachsee was formed by a glacier. After the last ice age, which ended in the Black Forest about 10,000 years ago, it was left behind.</p><br>
<p>The Herrenwieser See is a tarn in the municipality of Forbach in the Northern Black Forest in Germany. It lies at a height of 830 metres, a little northwest of the Schwarzenbach Reservoir and 1,600 metres as the crow flies northeast of Herrenwies on the eastern mountainside of the 1,001-metre-high Seekopf, a subpeak of the Badener Höhe. The lake covers an area of 1.2 hectares and is up to 9.5 metres deep. Habitats Directive area and, together with the cirque headwall, designated as a biotope. It can be circumnavigated on a footpath. The lake itself is surrounded by a fence and the shore is out-of-bounds for nature conservation reasons.</p><br>
<p>In the days of timber rafting a facility was built that enabled logs to be transported down the valley on the waters from the lake.</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>The Sankenbach Waterfalls  are a cascade southwest of the village of Baiersbronn in the Black Forest in Germany. The Sankenbach flows over the waterfalls, dropping a total of 40 metres. The falls drop down the headwall of the cirque of the Sankenbach Bowl  in the Eckscher Horizon  of the Lower Bunter Sandstone. Shortly afterwards the Sankenbach feeds the Sankenbachsee.</p><br>
<p>The volume of the waterfall can be regulated by visitors by impounding the inflowing water in a small retaining basin above the upper waterfall using a slider. The volume of the cascading water increases for a while after the slider is lifted. It is operated from a footbridge which crosses the little reservoir by means of a long wooden lever.</p><br>
<p>File:SankenbachfallSteg.JPGFootbridge and lever for operating the retention system</p><br>
<p>File:SankenbachfallWasserbecken.JPGUpper fall and water reservoir</p><br>
<p>File:SankenbachfallSchieber.JPGView from above of the closed slider</p><br>
<p>File:SankenbachfallAbbruchkante.JPGDam facility and edge of the lower main waterfall</p><br>
<p>The Glaswaldsee near the spa town of Bad Rippoldsau-Schapbach in the Central Black Forest in Germany lies in a cirque that is sunk into the steep eastern mountainside of the Lettstädter Höhe. It is part of the nature reserve of the same name that was established in 1960.</p><br>
<p>The tarn formed in a cirque that was carved from the bunter sandstone rock out by a glacier during the ice age. Steep banks surround the lake which is up to 11 metres deep and has an area of about 3 hectares. Its diameter varies between 170 and 220 metres. The Glaswaldsee is fed by underground water sources; its surface catchment area, apart from an artificial diversion from the uppermost reaches of the Seebach, only covers about an area of 190 hectares.</p><br>
<p>In centuries gone by, the lake was known as the Wilder See ("Wild Lake") (like the Wildsee at Ruhestein and the Wildsee near Kaltenbronn), but its present name is derived from the former manufacture of glass bottles in the neighbouring villages. Today the surface of the Glaswaldsee is raised by a sandstone wall which used to enable the transportation of timber down river as part of the timber rafting industry in the valley of the Wolf.</p><br>
<p>The Glaswaldsee is one of the first lakes of the Black Forest to be trigonometrically surveyed and mapped. In 1655 Landgrave Frederick Rudolph of Fürstenberg-Stühlingen directed the Basle priest, Jakob Mentzinger, to prepare a map of his sovereign territory in the Kinzig valley. To illustrate his approach to the national survey, Mentzinger recorded in the lower part of his map an enlarged view of the Glaswaldsee with the calculations made by him.</p><br>
<p>Ganga Mahal Ghat  is one of the main ghats on the Ganges River in Varanasi. Constructed in 1830 CE by the Narayan dynasty, the ghat is north of Assi Ghat and was originally constructed as an extension to Assi Ghat.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Narayan dynasty, in 1830, constructed a palace by the river Ganga in Varanasi. The palace was called "Ganga Mahal" (Mahal means palace in Hindi). Since the Mahal (palace) was housed on the ghat, the ghat was named "Ganga Mahal Ghat". Stone steps between Assi Ghat and Ganga Mahal Ghat separates the two ghats. This palace houses the design studio of Hemang Agrawal whereas the upper floors are used by the "Indo-Swedish Study Centre" organised by Karlstad University.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Ganga Mahal Ghat is situated on the bank of the Ganges. It is 6 kilometers south-east of Varanasi Junction railway station and 100 meters north of Assi Ghat.</p><br>
<p>The Adlai E. Stevenson I House is a historic house located at 104 West Walnut Street in Metamora, Illinois. The house was the home of USA Vice President Adlai Stevenson I. Stevenson lived in the house with his wife, Letitia Green, from 1866 until 1869, while he was a circuit lawyer on Illinois 8th Judicial Circuit. He became a USA Representative in the 1870s and served as USA Postmaster General during Grover Clevelands first term in office; during Cleveland&#39;s second term , he served as vice president. The house, which was built in the late 1830s or early 1840s, has a Federal design with a decorated entrance that is flanked by pilasters and sidelights and topped by a transom.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 18, 1980.</p><br>
<p>The William J. Reimbold House is a historic house located at 950 White Street in Nauvoo, Illinois. The house was built in 1865-67 for William and Christian Reimbold, who were part of a wave of German immigrants who settled in Nauvoo in the 1860s and 1870s. After the Mormons and Icarians left the city, the immigrants bought up the vacated land at low prices and were largely responsible for the citys continued development. The Reimbolds were part of the citys winemaking industry, one of the most significant parts of the city economy formed by the immigrants; their stone wine cellar still stands on their property. The Reimbold House is one of two German immigrant homes, and the only one with an intact wine cellar, remaining in Nauvoo&#39;s Mormon Flat district, as the rest were destroyed during a period of Mormon restoration in the twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 2, 1987.</p><br>
<p>The Schurmsee is a tarn that lies at a height of 794 metres in the municipality of Forbach in the Northern Black Forest in Germany. It is located on a line between Hundsbach and Schönmünzach. The lake covers an area of 1.6 hectares and is up to 13 metres deep. Its volume is about 180,000 cubic metres. An area of 7.8 hectares, including the tarn and its shore areas, was established as a nature reserve in 1985. Around this reserve, a protected landscape has been declared. The woods on the mountainsides around the lake have also been designated as a Schonwald . The lake and its surrounds are a geotope. In addition, the tarn and its environs are a Habitats Directive protected and a bird reserve conforming to the European nature conservation act, Natura 2000.</p><br>
<p>From the 960-metre-high mountain of Schurmseehöhe there is a good view over the whole lake. There is a circular walk around the tarn. The normal route to the Schurmsee runs on a wide forest track from Schönmünzach for a distance of about 4 kilometres and climbing through around 300 metres.</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>The Norris and Harriet Coambs Lustron House, also known as the Coambs-Morrow House, is a historic Lustron house located in Chesterton, Indiana. It was built in 1950, this was one of the last manufactured Lustron homes  of the 2500 sold and produced by the Lustron Corporation. The house has a Lustron two-car detached garage and is located in a pre-World War II subdivision with some homes dating before World War I. The house is a one-story ranch style with no basement. It contains three bedrooms  with living room, dining area, kitchen, utility and bathroom totaling 1,200 ft&sup2; of living space.</p><br>
<h2>Exterior</h2><br>
<p>The exterior of the Lustron house and garage are covered with porcelain enameled steel panels, including the shingles, gutters, downspouts, gable ends and exterior wall coverings. The exterior panels are 2 ft square. The steel exterior doors are likewise finished in the same manner with glass panel inserts. The stationary and casement windows are aluminum framed.</p><br>
<p>The roof overhangs at the front and rear but is nearly flush at the gable ends. The south elevation faces Bowser Avenue. It has two picture window groups, each consisting of four-light casements flanking a fixed picture window. The picture window group to the west is in a slightly projecting bay. To the far right (east) is a pair of small casements.</p><br>
<p>The west elevation has the primary entry sheltered under an aluminum awning. North of this is a picture window grouping.</p><br>
<p>The east elevation has two pairs of symmetrically placed casement windows.</p><br>
<p>The north wall has a picture window group to the far left (east), a single casement, a door, and another pair of casement windows.</p><br>
<h2>Garage</h2><br>
<p>The garage is a simple gable roofed building. On the north are two overhead vehicle doors. The east wall has a door and window.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>The interior of the house has two areas. The north half of the house contains the public areas: living room/dining room, kitchen, and utility room. On the south are three bedrooms. The interior is covered with porcelain enameled steel panel&#39;s of various sizes and designs. Most interior wall covered by 2 by panels with vertically scored lines. Ceiling panels measure 4 by.</p><br>
<p>Panels in the kitchen, utility room and bathroom are 2 ft square. The interior enamel color is primarily of "battleship gray." No wood is used in the window trim, door trim or base trim. There are no load-bearing partitions, thus the designs included steel wall furniture and enclosed closet space. Between the dining area and kitchen is a buffet with shelves and drawers on one side and kitchen cabinets with shelves and drawers on the other side. There is a strong art deco influence. The porcelain enameled steel furniture unit between the living room and adjoining bedroom contains a mirrored bookcase on one side and a mirrored vanity and counter top with drawers and doors for closet space on the other side, again, with a sculptured look. All wall corners are rounded—inside and out. This is all part of the "streamlined" look with clean, uncluttered lines and a lack of ornamentation.</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>"Big Plans for a Little House," Business Week, p. 44, October 16, 1948.</p><br>
<p>Brochures, Camera Tour Through Lustron Home, The Lustron Home, Lustron Garages. Copies in collection of present owner James P. Morrow</p><br>
<p>Lustron Newsletter, February 24, 1950, Vol. 3 No. 8.</p><br>
<p>Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio, Collection #MSS861 of Lustron history and documents, including: Advertisements from the 1940s, Agreements, Congressional Record, 1947-1951, Corporate Records, Correspondence, 1946-1971, Dealers, 1949–50, Newspaper, clippings, 1947-1982, Newspaper clippings, 1948–51, Press Releases, 1946-1959, Price Lists, Costs, 1949-1950, Reports, 1947-1953, United States Senate Special Subcommittee on Banking and Currency, 1948, Life Magazine, April 19, 1948, Lustron advertisement, Records from Lustron donated by R. Harold Denton to Ohio Historical Society in Columbus, Ohio, collection #MSS861</p><br>
<p>Wolfe, Tom and Garfield, Leonard, "A New Standard for Living: The Lustron House, 1946-50," Perspectives in Vernacular Architecture, 1989, The Curators of University of Missouri Press, Columbia, Missouri.</p><br>
<p>Agua Poca is a monogenetic volcano in the Puelén Department of Argentina. The volcano has the form of a cinder cone and has been active in the Pleistocene.</p><br>
<h2>Accessibility</h2><br>
<p>The volcano is situated 60 km southwest of Puelén and it can be reached from the provincial routes Nr 20 and Nr 143. Unpaved roads lead to the volcano itself.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Agua Poca lies in the western La Pampa Province, close to the boundary with Mendoza province. Two other volcanoes, Del Nido and Escorial/Amarillo are nearby. The volcano has a topographic prominence of 70 m over the surrounding terrain and is a degraded cone.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The volcanism in the Agua Poca area began as fissure eruptions that released large amounts of liquid lavas, forming Agua Poca, El Escorial, Payun Matru and other volcanoes. The volcano is located 530 km east of the Peru–Chile Trench, in the back-arc region.</p><br>
<p>Agua Poca has erupted basalt lava. Bisceglia (1977) assumed that Agua Poca, together with the neighbouring volcanoes Del Nido and Escorial/Amarillo, is the origin of the El Puente basalt formation. Later, Linares et al (1980) assumed that these basalts originated in volcanoes of the Mendoza province with little input from these three volcanoes. The volcano itself has an easily recognizable crater, but part of the volcano&#39;s flanks has been subject to gully erosion. The crater is 50 m deep below the crater rim, and the cone itself has dimensions of 650 m-280 m. The cone is constructed from alternating layers of cinder and spatter and contains ultramafic xenoliths. There are two subsidiary structures, Cherro Chico and Loma Sur of small dimensions. Chemically, the lavas of Agua Poca are intra-plate alkali basalts, with some lavas transitioning in tholeite.</p><br>
<p>Various geologists have attributed varying ages to these volcanoes, ranging from Pliocene to Holocene. The volcano was active in the Pleistocene, with K-Ar dating indicating an age of 0.6±1 Ma. There have been numerous phases of volcanic activity in the region until recent times, with Agua Poca belonging to the Puente Group given stratigraphic and radiometric data. Activity was strombolian in nature with the formation of Pele&#39;s tears and lava bombs and was likely monogenetic in nature. A fault system running through the edifice possibly controlled the activity of this volcano.</p><br>
<p>The "Cueva de Halada" lava tube is located 5 km away from Agua Poca. Given the small magma output of this volcano, it&#39;s likely the tunnel is unrelated to Agua Poca.</p><br>
<p>The Godahl Store is a historic consumers&#39; co-operative general store established in the unincorporated community of Godahl in 1894. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Nelson and Albin Cooperative Mercantile Association Store in 1987 for its local significance to commerce. The store was in business through 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Godahl Store&#39;s original wing is two stories with a false front and gable roof. A one-story addition wraps around the rear and north side of the store. Both portions are wood frame with clapboard siding. A one-story, wood frame warehouse stands behind the store.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Godahl Store originated in a rural farming district on the border of Watonwan and Brown County, an area settled by Scandinavian immigrants in the 1870s. Isolated from the nearest towns by a full day&#39;s wagon journey, the local residents had limited access to distribute their agricultural products or purchase manufactured goods. With bylaws written in Norwegian and shares available at $20, the association contracted with ten men to construct a store opposite the Godahl creamery.</p><br>
<p>The Godahl Store was completed in August 1894 and stocked groceries, dry goods, and tools. It bought local produce and resold goods acquired in St. James and La Salle. In 1895 a warehouse was added to store hardware like nails and fencing, and the following year the main building was expanded with an addition wrapping around the north side and rear.</p><br>
<p>The Godahl Store became the nucleus of the dispersed community. It served as the local post office and became a central gathering place for meetings and social events. In 1905 the store installed one of the first telephones in the area, and later housed a branch of the Watonwan County Library.</p><br>
<p>The exterior was modified in 1916. The building&#39;s false-front façade and small south addition were likely added at this time. The creamery failed in 1956 as dairy farming subsided in the area, so the mercantile bought the building as a warehouse for feed, seed, and fertilizer.</p><br>
<p>Aguas Calientes is a major Quaternary caldera in Salta Province, Argentina. It is in the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, a zone of volcanism covering southern Peru, Bolivia, northwest Argentina and northern Chile. This zone contains stratovolcanoes and calderas.</p><br>
<p>The activity of the Central Volcanic Zone is linked to the subduction of the Farallon Plate and later its splinter, the Nazca Plate, below the South American Plate. The Aguas Calientes caldera is located on a Precambrian basement that was thrust over more recent (Cretaceous and younger) layers of sediment.</p><br>
<p>Aguas Calientes caldera was the source of two major ignimbrites; the Tajamar Ignimbrite (including the Chorrillos Ignimbrite inside the caldera) and the Verde Ignimbrite. The first was erupted 10.5–10.1 Ma ago and is a body of ignimbrite of about 350 km3. The second was erupted 17.2 Ma ago and has a volume of 140 -.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and structure</h2><br>
<p>Aguas Calientes caldera lies in the northwestern Salta Province of Argentina, in the San Antonio de los Cobres district to the southeast of the town of the same name.</p><br>
<p>Aguas Calientes caldera is part of the Central Volcanic Zone (CVC), which is located in southern Peru, northern Chile, southwestern Bolivia and northwestern Argentina in highlands over 4,000 m high. At least six potentially active calderas, 44 active major and 18 active minor volcanoes lie in this area, of which Lascar volcano is the most active. The largest eruption in historical times in the CVZ occurred in 1600 on Huaynaputina volcano in Peru.</p><br>
<p>Aguas Calientes caldera is a roughly circular caldera limited on the western and eastern side by north-south trending fault systems. Two superimposed calderas form the volcanic system.</p><br>
<p>Cerro Verde inside the caldera is a dome formed by the uplifting of the Verde ignimbrites in the caldera after their deposition and cooling. Cerro Aguas Calientes was formed in the same way from the Tajmar ignimbrites, conclusions based in both cases on the outward dip of the ignimbrites contained in the domes.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Central Volcanic Zone (CVZ), active mainly since the Miocene, is the volcanically active area of the Andes between 16 and 28°S. Its activity is dependent on the subduction of the Nazca Plate, previously the Farallon Plate, below the South American Plate. This subduction process is responsible for the formation of the Andes and the volcanic activity on the eastern margin of the South American continent.</p><br>
<p>Estimates of the volumes erupted and surface areas covered by the CVZ volcanoes in the Neogene vary. 7,300 km3 with a surface area 44,000 km&sup2; for the latitudes 18–28°S and 30,000 km3 with a surface area 70,000 km&sup2; for the latitudes north of 25°S have been calculated.</p><br>
<p>In the southern segment of the CVZ, volcanic activity has varied over time. Before 26 Ma, volcanic activity was limited to a belt 100 - from the Peru–Chile Trench. An increased subduction rate around 26 Ma, possibly related to the breakup of the Farallon Plate and change in the subduction direction, resulted in increasing activity and eastward migration of the activity. 14.5 to 5.3 Ma the volcanic activity expanded laterally and reached a maximum 14.5 to 11.5 Ma with a width 307 km and a maximum trench-volcano distance of 520 km. During this phase volcanism in the western part of the CVZ was effusive. 11.5–8.3 Ma the volcanism moved back westwards and after 5.3 Ma it was restricted to a narrow belt 300 - from the trench. The currently active belt is located 240 - east of the trench.</p><br>
<h3>Local</h3><br>
<p>Aguas Calientes caldera is located on the Late Neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian Puncoviscana Formation with turbiditic sandstone that was affected by metamorphism. A volcano-sedimentary Ordovician sequence of marine origin is the only other Paleozoic structure in the area. The caldera itself is located on the Precambrian-Ordovician basement.</p><br>
<p>The volcano is linked to the major Calama–Olacapato–El Toro fault system that cuts the Andean chain in a northwest-southeast direction. This system also affects the Negra Muerta volcanic complex, Cerro Tuzgle, Chimpa volcanoes and several smaller volcanic systems. The formation of this fault system and other thrust faults parallel to the Andes chain is linked to the compression and orogeny of the Andean chain since the Miocene.</p><br>
<h3>Geologic record</h3><br>
<p>Aguas Calientes caldera was between 11 and 10 Ma the source of large scale ignimbrite sheets. Aguas Calientes caldera is considered to be an overpressure caldera, where eruption is triggered by intrusions from the volcano sill weaken the host rocks and cause the formation of fissures.</p><br>
<h3>Composition</h3><br>
<p>Minerals in the Tajamar ignimbrite include biotite, hornblende, plagioclase, quartz and some augite. The eruption products are uniformly dacitic in nature. Hydrothermal alterations have generated Sb-Au and Pb-Ag-Zn deposits that may be of economic importance. The La Poma-Incachule mining district northeast of the caldera is part of the volcanic system and contains argentiferous galena, sphalerite, antimonite and arsenopyrite. These deposits formed through hydrothermal, deuteric alteration and supergene processes and were influenced during their formation by local fault systems.</p><br>
<h2>Eruptive history</h2><br>
<p>Aguas Calientes caldera erupted twice dacitic ignimbrites. was the source of two major ignimbrites; the Tajamar Ignimbrite (including the Chorrillos Ignimbrite inside the caldera), and the Verde Ignimbrite. The first was erupted 10.5–10.1 Ma and is a body of ignimbrite of about 350 km3. The second was erupted 17.2 Ma and has a volume of 140 -.</p><br>
<p>The first eruption, which took place 17.15 Ma, was the first caldera forming episode and the eruption occurred through a central vent. Its deposit, the Verde Ignimbrite, is pumice rich and green in colour. The deposits in thickness range from more than 520 m on Cerro Verde to 80 m in the southern outcrops. It covers a surface area of about 650 km&sup2;. After the eruption, the Verde ignimbrites were tectonically deformed and partly buried by the Tajamar ignimbrites.</p><br>
<p>The second eruption was more extensive and covered at a minimum 2,265 km&sup2;. Starting from the caldera rim, it is clearly distinguishable in two units; the intracaldera Chorrillos and the extracaldera Tajamar units which were formerly considered to be separate events. The Chorrilos deposits are gray coloured and have pumice fragments of less than 5 cm diameter; they also contain breccia lenses. The Tajmar deposits overlie the Chorrillos deposits and have a red to pale pink colour. The ash flows from the eruption flowed out of the caldera, forming flow structures similar to large lava flows. The deposits underwent some devitrification due to vapour action. This ignimbrite has a maximum thickness of 450 m on Cerro Aguas Calientes in the caldera centre and thins to less than 100 m away from the volcano.</p><br>
<p>Post-caldera activity included hydrothermal–geothermal activity and may have migrated westward to the neighbouring Quevar volcanic centre. Subsequent to the caldera formation, the caldera floor was uplifted for 800 -. Shoshonitic eruption products dated 0.8-0.2Ma have been found in the caldera.</p><br>
<p>Blick Mead is a chalkland spring in Wiltshire England, with a constant temperature of around 11 degrees C so that it never freezes. It is close to an Iron Age hill fort known as Vespasians Camp and about a mile from the Stonehenge ancient monument. Archaeology at the site conducted since 2005 shows human habitation going back to 10,000BP and to be continuous until 6000 BP. 35,000 worked flints and 2400 animal bones, some cooked, mostly from aurochs have been found at the site. There is also the remains of a pit dwelling. These have been used to radiocarbon date the time of settlement. Its clear that the site would have been an attractive place to camp or dwell with a spring that never freezes over. A rare algae called Hildenbrandia lives in the spring and it causes stones taken from it to turn bright red on exposure to air in a matter of hours. In Mesolithic times this could have given the place a magical significance. Its closeness to Stonehenge have led to theories that it is the original attraction that brought hunters to the area with the magic colour changing stones giving the place a high spiritual significance in their culture.</p><br>
<p>The Ancient Kano City Walls  were ancient defensive walls built to protect the inhabitants of the ancient city of Kano. The wall was built between 1095 through 1134 and completed in the middle of the 14th century. The Ancient Kano City Walls were described as "the most impressive monument in West Africa".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Ancient Kano City Walls were built as a defensive wall with the construction of the foundation laid by Sakri Gijimasu (1095–1134), the third king of in the Kano Chronicle. In the mid 14th century during the reign of Zamnagawa, the wall was completed before it was further expanded during the 16th century. According to historians, the then General-Governor of the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria, Fredrick Lugard, wrote in a 1903 report about the Kano Walls that he had “never seen anything like it in Africa” after capturing the ancient city of Kano along with British forces.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The Ancient Kano City Walls are made up of Dala Hill where it was founded, Kurmi Market and the Emir’s Palace.</p><br>
<p>The Ancient Kano City Walls originally had an estimated height of 30 to 50 ft and about 40 ft thick at the base with 15 gates around it.</p><br>
<p>The Henry Stussi House is a historic Gothic Revival house in Stillwater Township, Minnesota, United States, dating to the late 1870s. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 for its local significance in the themes of architecture and commerce. It was nominated for being one of Washington County&#39;s finest rural houses, and for its association with a notable figure in the local milling industry and ice trade.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Henry Stussi House is a two-story brick building with a three-story tower. It is cruciform in shape. The main section and the tower both have gable roofs embellished with decorative wooden pendants and finials. The front façade has stone pilasters at both corners. The house is adapted from a design in a Palliser, Palliser & Company pattern book.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Henry Stussi moved to Stillwater, Minnesota, in 1871, where he purchased and upgraded a mill that produced both flour and animal feed. In the late 1870s he had this home built outside of Stillwater overlooking Twin Lakes, where he engaged in farming and ice cutting.</p><br>
<p>Île Aganton is an island on the north coast of Brittany , adjacent to Île-Grande which is to the east. Its size is about 1 km west to east, and it has a maximum width of about 500 m. It is accessible on foot at low tide. It is in the commune of Pleumeur-Bodou .</p><br>
<p>On the coast, Trébeurden lies to the south, and Trégastel to the east.</p><br>
<h2>Details</h2><br>
<p>There is no permanent habitation. Dunes cover much of the island; there is heather, and a small pine wood planted in 1920. There are two stone crosses, indication possibly of a burial ground from former times.</p><br>
<p>The island has three branches; at the ends of each branch there is evidence of past granite-quarrying. The main site of former activity is on the north-east branch, where there is the largest quarry on the island, ruined buildings, and a jetty for loading boats at high tide.</p><br>
<p>Emmanouil Pappas  is a village in the Serres regional unit, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform, it has been part of the municipality of Emmanouil Pappas. It is situated in the foothills of mountain Menoikio, 17 km east of Serres, and 101 km northeast of Thessaloniki. The former name of the village was Dovista . It was renamed Emmanouil Pappas in 1927, after the hero of the Greek War of Independence in Macedonia who was born there in 1773.</p><br>
<p>The village is renowned for its traditional Macedonian architecture with three-story houses and picturesque narrow streets. The main attractions are the building of the old school that was built in 1906 and has been recently restored, the main church of Saint Athanasius, built in 1805 on the same spot where an older church existed, with its magnificent wooden carved iconostasis and the chapels on the surrounding hills.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>The foundation of the village</h3><br>
<p>The exact date of the foundation of the village remains unknown, despite the efforts of various local history researchers. It is documented, however, by an Ottoman tax register known as TT3 that there existed in 1454 a small settlement with the same name, Dovista, inhabited by 27 families (which means a possible population of around 100-130 inhabitants back then)., a researcher descending from Emmanouil Papas and author of various studies on local history, has claimed in his work "Dovista, a post-Byzantine settlement: history of region with the birthplace of the hero Emmanouil Papas as benchmark" (Δοβίστα, μια υστεροβυζαντινή παροικία: η ιστορία των Δαρνακοχωρίων με σημείο αναφοράς τη γενέτειρα του ήρωα Εμμανουήλ Παπά, 1991) that the village was founded in the mid-17th century by Greek populations of the nearby Byzantine town of Zichna (near modern Nea Zichni), who had fled to the slopes of Mount Menoikio shortly after the Ottoman conquest of the area, remained there for some centuries in order to avoid oppression and arbitrariness of Ottoman authorities and landlords that were very common during the first centuries of Ottoman rule and eventually returned to the lowlands and founded new settlements only when Ottoman administration became less harsh. This hypothesis, however, is not supported after the discovery of TT3, at least in regards to the foundation date, while it cannot be excluded that the village pre-existed the Ottoman conquest of Serres and the vicinity, which happened in 1383.</p><br>
<h3>Testimonies of 19th century travellers</h3><br>
<p>In the next centuries the population of the village increased significantly and during the second half of the 19th century Dovista is described by various travellers, both Greeks and non-Greeks as a thriving big Greek village with a population of nearly or over 1,000 inhabitants. For instance, Vasilios Nikolaidis wrote in 1859 on Dovista in his Francophone book (The Turks and contemporary Turkey, vol. 1, page 164):</p><br>
<p>"Nous nous dirigeons a l&#39; est, pendant une heure; nous foulons un sol assez egal et nous atteignons le village de Douvista, compose de cent cinquante maisons grecques."</p><br>
<p>(We head toward east, for an hour. We walk on a rather level ground and reach the village Douvista, which consists of 150 Greek houses).</p><br>
<p>The French geographer and professor of the Ottoman High School of Galata Saray in Istanbul Alexandre Synvet mentions Dovista (misspelled as "Dobitza") with 2,320 Greek inhabitants in 1878, in page 43 of his work "Les Grecs de l’Empire Ottoman. Etude Statistique et Ethnographique" (The Greeks of the Ottoman Empire. Statistical and ethnographic study).</p><br>
<p>Bulgarian Metodi Kusev (Методий Кусев), Exarchist Bishop of Stara Zagora, whose descent was from Ohrid, mentioned Dovista (as "Douvischta") with 212 families and 600 Greek inhabitants in page 28 of his Francophone book Ethnographie des Vilayets d&#39;Andrinople, de Monastir et de Salonique (Ethnography of the Vilayets of Adrianople, Monastir and Salonica, 1878).</p><br>
<p>The major of the engineer corps of the Greek army Nikolaos Schinas (Νικόλαος Σχινάς) wrote in page 444 of his work "Travelling notes on Macedonia, Epirus, the new borderline and Thessaly, vol. 2" (1886) :</p><br>
<p>"To the north of it and in the same foothills of Mount Menoikio, lies in a distance of 1/2 hour the village Dovista, with around 150 Christian families, church and schools for both boys and girls".</p><br>
<p>(Αρκτικώς τούτου κείται επί των αυτών υπωρειών του Μενοικίου όρους και</p><br>
<p>εις απόστασιν 1/2 ώρας το χωρίον Ντοβίστα, έχον περί τας 150 οικογενείας</p><br>
<p>χριστιανικάς, εκκλησίαν και σχολεία αρρένων και θηλέων).</p><br>
<p>The Serb Spiridon Gopčević (Спиридон Гопчевић), a leading figure of Serbian propaganda in Macedonia, mentioned Dovista (as "Duvišta") with 232 houses and 600 Greek tax-paying inhabitants (it should be noted that only adult males or widows that were family leaders due to lack of adult males were considered as tax payers by the Ottoman authorities, so the real population must have been much bigger than the number of tax payers), in page 380 of his work "Makedonien und Alt-Serbien" (Macedonia and Old Serbia, 1889)</p><br>
<p>The Bulgarian historian Georgi Strezov (Георги Стрезов) whose descent was from Ohrid wrote on Dovista in page 30 of his work "Два санджака от Източна Македония" (Two Sanjaks of East Macedonia, 1889)</p><br>
<p>"Dovista, big village to the east of Serres, in the foothills of Boz Dag (Menoikio). Three hours distance (from the city), the road is good and on level ground. The inhabitants of this village are industrious and clever enough, however they don&#39;t have too much arable land and therefore they go for work to other villages. In Dovista they grow wheat, vineyards, cotton and tobacco. There is a Greek church and Greek school. 230 houses and 1,100 Darnakes inhabitants."</p><br>
<p>(Довища, голямо село на И от Сяр при полите на Боздаг. Пътят 3 часа е добър и прав. Жителите на това село са доста разбудени; нямайки достатъчно земя за обработване, отиват по другите села на работа. В Довище се обработват жита, грозде, памук и тютюн. Има гръцка църква и гръцко училище. 230 къщи с 1100 жители дърнаци.)</p><br>
<p>The term "Darnakes", mentioned in the above excerpt by the Bulgarian author in its slavicized form "Darnatsi/дърнаци", is a name that the inhabitants of Dovista and the neighbouring villages (the so-called "Darnakochoria", villages of the Darnakes) use as a kind of "tribal" name. According to what the renowned Serb geographer Jovan Cvijić (Јован Цвијић) wrote in page 521 of his work "Основе за географију и геологију Македоније и Старе Србије" (Basic principles of Geography and Geology of Macedonia and Old Serbia, 1906):</p><br>
<p>"It is interesting that the Greek populations between Serres and Ziliachova (modern Nea Zichni) are called Darnaci (Darnakes) by the Slavs. It seems that Macedonian Greeks have no other tribal name".</p><br>
<p>Интересантно је да Словени зову грчко становништво између Сереза и Зиљахова дарнацима; иначе изгледа да македонски Грци немају других имена осим народнога.</p><br>
<p>Also the Bulgarian Vasil Kanchov (Васил Кънчов), chief inspector of the Bulgarian schools of Macedonia and Minister of Education later, who provided a detailed list of all the inhabited places of Macedonia with ethnographic and religious data in his work (Macedonia, ethnography and statistics, 1900), wrote in page 73 in regards to Darnakes and Darnakochoria:</p><br>
<p>"The Greek villages around Serres are: Tipoliani (modern Chryso), Zili (evacuated after the Balkan wars, doesnt exist today), Tumba, Sarmusakli (modern Pendapoli), Dovista (modern Emmanouil Papas), Patriki, Soubaskioyϊ (modern Neo Souli), Vezniko (modern Aghio Pnevma) and Sokol (modern Sykia). There are few Konyar Turks in the last two. The population of these villages is called Darnakes (Darnaci). They are the remnants of an old Greek colony without Bulgarian admixture. Although the Darnakes are surrounded by Bulgarian villages, they dont know not even a single Bulgarian word and their relations with the other villages are very limited. Mixed marriages are not practised. Darnakes are industrious farmers and grow cotton, while they also have good vineyards. Based on some local traditions, Verkovich believes that Darnakes have migrated in that region from Thebes. According to Greek philologists, the name Darnakes derives from the word "dare"(δάρε) which these villagers pronounce instead of standard Greek "tora" (τώρα=now).</p><br>
<p>"Гръцки села около Сяр са Тополен, Зили, Тумба, Сармуксали, Довища, Патрик, Субаш Кьой, Везник и Сокол. В двете последни има и малко турци коняри. Населението на тия села се нарича дарнаци. Това са останки от стара гръцка колония без български примес. Дарнаците ако и да са обиколени с български села, не знаят дума българска и сношенията между тях и околните села са много ограничени. Смесени бракове не стават. Дарнаците са прилежни земеделци, работят памук и имат добри лозя. Като се основава върху някои местни предания Веркович вярва, че дарнаците са преселени от Тива. Според тълкуванието на гръцки филолози името дарнаци произлиза от думата δάρε, която тия селяни употребяват вместо τώρα (сега)"</p><br>
<p>In page 177 of the same book, Kanchov mentions Dovista with 1,500 Christian Greek inhabitants (Kanchov followed the usual Bulgarian tactic of using the native language of Macedonian populations as only criterion to determine their ethnic belonging, as opposed to Ottoman authorities that used in their censuses religion for that purpose).</p><br>
<p>The Bulgarian D. M. Brancoff (pen name of Dimitar Mishev, secretary of the Bulgarian Exarchate) mentions Dovista (as "Dovichta") with 1400 Greek inhabitants in page 200 of his work "La Macédoine et sa population chrétienne" (Macedonia and its Christian population, 1903).</p><br>
<h3>Life and social structure in Ottoman time</h3><br>
<p>During Ottoman time, the population of the village was organized according to the typical Greek communal institutions system that already existed in Byzantine time. This is documented in the "Codex" (a kind of archive held by Greek Orthodox churches in the past) of the main church of the village, dedicated to Saint Athanasius (Άγιος Αθανάσιος). In the mid 19th century there existed in Dovista a kindergarten and two separate Greek elementary schools for boys and girls. In 1885, the public assembly of the village population decided that a new school building should be erected because the old one lacked space and could barely host the continuously increasing number of pupils. The erection of the new building was to be funded by compulsory contributions of the inhabitants,that would be credited through the tobacco sales, which was already back then the main crop of the area. Τhe relevant agreement goes as follows:</p><br>
<p>Each of us villagers growing tobacco, irrespectively of whether he signs the present document or not, is obligated to leave to the merchant who buys his crop, irrespectively of its quality, ten paras for each oka and this should be noted by the purchaser in his ledger. The amount to be thus withheld by the merchant should be in hard currency, that is a lira of 108=one houndred and eight</p><br>
<p>(Έκαστος ημών των υπογεγραμμένων και μη χωρικών καλλιεργούντων καπνά υποχρεούται ν&#39; αφήνη εις τον έμπορον τον αγοραστήν του πράγματος ημών, εις οιανδήποτε ποιότητα και αν ανήκει το πράγμα του, ανά δέκα παράδες εις εκάστην οκάν, κατά το κατάστιχον του εμπόρου, ήτοι του αγοραστού. Τα χρήματα τα οποία θα κρατεί ο έμπορος εννοούνται εις χρήματα γερά, ήτοι λίρα των 108=εκατόν οκτώ).</p><br>
<p>The construction was completed in 1906. It is a neoclassical building which still decorates the place near the church of Saint Athanasius, bearing the inscription "ΕΚΠΑΙΔΕΥΤΗΡΙΑ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗΣ ΟΡΘΟΔΟΞΟΥ ΚΟΙΝΟΤΗΤΟΣ ΔΟΒΙΣΤΗΣ 1906" (School of the Greek Orthodox community of Dovista). It was restored in the middle of the first decade of 2000 and today the ground floor serves as museum about the life and activity of the hero Emmanouel Pappas, while the first floor hosts occasionally Municipal Council meetings and other events. The decision to build a new school building was certainly associated with a significant spiritual and cultural flowering that occurred at the same time, which also led to the founding of various associations with social and educational activities and national guidelines. In late 19th-early 20th century, there existed in the village three such associations: the "Fraternity of Saint Demetrius" (Αδελφότης Αγίου Δημητρίου), which built a homonymous church in 1862, the "Progressive Fraternity Dovista" (Φιλοπρόοδος Αδελφότης Δοβίστα), founded in 1883 and the "Music-Gymnastics Society Virtue" (Μουσικογυμναστικός Σύλλογος Αρετή), founded in 1910. In the first years after the liberation of the area from Ottoman yoke and its incorporation to the Greek state, there was also founded the "Music-Gymnastics Club Emmanouil Papas" (Μουσικογυμναστικός Σύλλογος Εμμανουήλ Παπάς), whose board published a short-lived magazine titled "Emmanouil Papas" in 1932.</p><br>
<h3>Greek War of Independence (1821)</h3><br>
<p>The people of the village participated in all national struggles of modern Greek history. The leader of the Greek revolution in Chalkidiki Emmanouel Pappas was born at Dovista in 1773. Many villagers were initiated into the secret revolutionary plans by Emmanouel Papas and were ready to fight in the battles of the oncoming revolution. According to local tradition, the Pappas family house was used for storing weapons and ammunition which were first landed at the harbor of Tsayezi (close to modern Nea Kerdyllia and ancient Amphipolis) on the Strymonian Gulf and then transported to Dovista through the (drained since 1938) lake of Tachinos (named after the nearby village of Achinos), whose northernmost shores were lying in a distance of around 16–17 km from Dovista. With the outbreak of the revolution, a big number of recruited fellow villagers of Pappas followed him to Chalkidiki. Many of them were killed in the battles there, while the survivors followed Pappas in his departure from Mount Athos after the Ottoman repression of the revolution in Macedonia and continued the struggle in southern Greece, fighting under the commands of Emmanouel Papas son Ioannis, who later fell in the battle of Maniaki, alongside Papaflessas.)</p><br>
<h3>Macedonian Struggle</h3><br>
<p>The people of Emmanouil Pappas were present in the Macedonian Struggle as well, since many of them were initiated by the Hellenic Macedonian Committee (Ελληνομακεδονικόν Κομιτάτο) and took an active part, either as members of guerilla bands (andartes or "Makedonomachoi"-literally "Macedonian fighters" ), or transporting weapons and ammunition (following the known from 1821 route Tsayezi-Dovista through lake Tachinos) or serving in other posts. The presence of people from Dovista in armed bands that were active even as far as the soil of modern Bulgaria is documented in a telegram, sent on October 12, 1878, by the consul of Greece in Serres Ioannis Papakostopoulos to the Prime Minister Theodoros Deligiannis:</p><br>
<p>"In Kiz-Dervent, in the region of Razlog, eight insurgents, mostly from the Greek villages and with a Greek from Dovista as their leader, a village in a distance of two hours from Serres, seized the straits, attacked and robbed a company of 30 Turkish men, women and children. They only killed a Bey among them who resisted and didn&#39;t harass at all the women. They picked out 10 loads of spoils and took them on horses that belonged to the robbed company."</p><br>
<p>(Εν Κιζ Δερβενίω, εν τω διαμερίσματι Ραζλοκίω, οκτώ λησταντάρται κατά μέγα μέρος εκ των ελληνικών χωρίων, και υπό αρχηγόν Έλληνα τινά εκ Δοβίστης, χωρίον δύο ώρας εντεύθεν απέχοντος, καταλαβόντες τα στενά του δερβενίου προσέβαλον και ελήστευσαν συνοδείαν 30 Τούρκων ανδρών και γυναικοπαίδων. Εφόνευσαν μόνον έναν βέην μεταξύ αυτών αντιστάντα, ουδόλως δε ηνώχλησαν τας γυναίκας. Δέκα φορτία λαφύρων, ληφθέντων κατ&#39; εκλογήν, απήγαγον επί ίππων ανηκόντων εις την ληστευθείσαν συνοδείαν).</p><br>
<p>Some years later, around 1904, the first agents of the Hellenic Macedonian Committee appeared in Dovista, usually disguised as pedlars, who came in contact with the inhabitants of the village and tried to ascertain what were their beliefs and ethnic sentiments. Thus, under the guidance of the Greek consulate of Serres, an action committee was set up in the village with president the physician Parrisios Panou and members Christos Ravanis, Georgios Birbilis, Constantinos Dikos, Ioannis Michalakis and Georgios Besios. Main task of this committee was the transportation οf weapons and ammunition from the Strymonian Gulf, the hosting of members of Greek guerrilla bands in various houses of the village whenever it was necessary and also to provide info to the Greek consulate of Serres about suspicious movements in neighbouring Bulgarian villages. Other inhabitants of the village who assisted the committee were Vasilios Psitis, Athanasios Pyrgos, Ioannis Spandonis, Nikolaos Tsiapos, Theodosis Gontotsios and Georgios Pantotis, who were engaged in storing the weapons, while Christos Sitis, Christos Chatzieleftheriou and Evangelos Chatzieleftheriou served as messengers and were also responsible for the distribution of weapons in the neighbouring villages. Of the above-mentioned, Pyrgos, Spandonis and Pantotis constructed rifle cartridges. Also Michalis Tsiapos joined the guerrilla band of Kapetan Doukas, after having killed a Turk from the neighbouring village of Sokol (modern Sykia) for insulting the Christian faith. in Serres region, 1908. The first on the right side, sitting on his knees and wearing foustanella is Michalis Tsiapos from DovistaOn June 13, 1905, a Greek band consisting of 8 men was arrested by an Ottoman detachment, along with 9 Gras rifles and 400 cartridges, according to a telegram of the British consul of Serres Ioannis Theodoridis to the British General Consul of Salonica Robert Graves. According to narrations of elderly inhabitants, some days before their arrest the guerrillas were hiding in the nearby hill of Saint Demetrius, and their rifles were hidden in the belfry of the homonymous church. However, their presence was noticed by bypassing inhabitants of the neighbouring Bulgarian village Moukliani (Мъклен/Mklen in Bulgarian), 8 km to the north, on the slopes of Mount Menoikio, who denounced them to the Ottoman authorities. So, when the guerrillas went to the village for provisions they were suddenly surrounded by Ottoman soldiers. Whenever they went to the village, they were dressed in local costumes in order to avoid to arouse suspicions. However, their brand new costumes didn&#39;t seem to fit with their answer to the inquiries of the Ottoman soldiers that they were workers in a local tobacco warehouse. They were arrested and after cruel tortures revealed the truth.</p><br>
<p>On July 14, 1907, a Greek band consisting mainly of inhabitants of Dovista and the other Greek villages of the vicinity and with Andreas Makoulis from Stenimaka (Στενήμαχος/Stenimachos in Greek) as chief, which was hosted in Dovista, in the house of the notable Nasios Mamiakas, was accidentally discovered (because of a quarrel between its members that ended up with the whole band pursuing with shots an undisciplined guerrilla who was bound but managed to escape running to the tobacco fields) by two strong detachments of Ottoman mounted gendarmes, that passed outside the village on their way to Serres, in order to participate in a battle against another Greek band there, that of Kapetan Mitrousis, which was trapped in the belfry of the church of Aghia Evangelistria and fought an uneven battle against the whole Ottoman military forces of the town and the nearby villages., 1881-1907</p><br>
<p>The guerrillas abandoned hastily the village and moved to Mount Menoikio, hoping to escape through its inaccessible gorges and ravines. Τhey tried to make their way through a narrow gorge called "Ayiasma", however, they were soon surrounded from all sides, since the Ottoman detachments were assisted by armed inhabitants of the nearby Turkish village of Sokol and by the gendarmes of the Bulgarian village Mukliani, 7–8 km to the north and on the slopes of Mount Menoikio. Those were accompanied by many armed inhabitants of the above-mentioned village, who were at odds with the people of Dovista and the other Greek villages of the vicinity. In the long-lasting battle that followed until sunset, all Greek guerrillas were killed save one, who managed to return to the village in the night. He found shelter in a house and next day he was sent away, disguised as woman. Andreas Makoulis was heavily injured and captured alive by the Ottomans. They took him at their headquarters in the nearby village of Sarmousakli (modern Pendapoli) in order to interrogate him if he would recover, however he died the next day. The Turkish losses were around 25 dead who were buried in the neighbouring Turkish village Sokol.</p><br>
<p>The names of the guerrillas of Andreas Makoulis&#39; band were: Andreas Makoulis, chief of the band, from Stenimaka of Eastern Rumelia (modern Asenovgrad in Bulgaria); Theodosis Godotsios or Bouboumis from Dovista, second in command (he was arrested by the Turks before the battle and imprisoned in Pontus. He was released few years later, with the general amnesty that was proclaimed by the Young Turks; Evangelos Chatzieleftheriou, from Dovista; Vasilios Psitis, from Dovista; Anastasios Abliamis, from Dovista; Nikolaos Tsiapos, from Dovista; Nikolaos Achiniotis, from Achinos, Serres; Sotirios Siosios, from Subaskioy (modern Neo Souli, Serres); Chrysafis Patramanis (the only survivor), from Subaskioy; Ioannis Stenimachiotis, from Stenimaka</p><br>
<p>Ilias Karlikioylis, from Karlikioy (modern Chionochori, Serres); Christos Frastanlis, from Frastani (modern Oreini, Serres); Andonis Nouskalis, from Kato Nuska (modern Dafnoudi, Serres).</p><br>
<p>In the following days, all notables and 120 other inhabitants of Dovista were arrested by the Ottoman authorities and brought to Serres for interrogation. 80 of them were sent to the prisons of Yedi Kule in Thessaloniki, where they remained for three months. Eventually, only those that hosted the guerrillas in their homes were found guilty: Konstantinos Dikos (mukhtar of the village), Fotios Mamiakas, Athanasios Mamiakas, Sotirios Palaskas, Vasilios Agorastos and the priest Dimitrios Papaoikonomou. Some were sentenced to death and others to life imprisonment and all were jailed in the White Tower. During the Young Turks revolution they were released, after the intervention of the Greek consul of Thessaloniki.</p><br>
<h3>Balkan Wars</h3><br>
<p>During the First Balkan War Emmanouil Pappas and the whole territory of modern Serres regional unit to the east of Strymonas river was captured by the Bulgarian army on November 6, 1912. A small Bulgarian garrison was installed in the village but it left just few days before the decisive Greek victory in the battle of Kilkis-Lahanas of the Second Balkan War, which marked the liberation of East Macedonia after 550 years of foreign rule. Thus, Emmanouil Pappas became part of Greece on June 29 (Julian calendar, which was used in Greece until 1923)/July 11 (Gregorian calendar), 1913. During the Bulgarian occupation of the village (known to local historical memory as "Proti Voulgaria", literary "First Bulgaria") that lasted 8 months, the inhabitants suffered harsh persecutions and oppression by the Bulgarian authorities who employed a Bulgarization policy. People from Emmanouil Pappas participated in the fierce clashes between Bulgarian troops and irregular Greeks (members of old bands and other armed civilians from the city and the Greek villages around) that took place during the last two or three days before the retreating Bulgarians set on fire the city of Serres and fled to Bulgaria upon the arrival of the Greek army. Their casualties were 8 dead:</p><br>
<p>1)Daniil Daniil, 2)Christos Katsaros, 3)Dimitrios Kartsios, 4)Ioannis Tounas, 5)Lascaris Tsiakiris, 6)Dimitrios Chatzieleftheriou 7)Eleftherios Chatzieleftheriou, 8) Athanasios Psaltis. The testimony of the Bulgarian officer Ivan Kirpikov to the international commission of the Carnegie endowment which conducted an inquiry on the war crimes committed in the Balkan Wars, is indicative of the severity of those clashes and the participation of people from Emmanouil Pappas and other Darnakochoria. There is no doubt that those peasants wearing "the peculiar Greek costume of the villages that were considered as centers of Greek propaganda", according to the Bulgarian officer, were from Emmanouil Pappas and the other Darnakochoria, who were approaching the railway station through the railway line that passes by the village of Chryso.</p><br>
<h3>World War I-the Bulgarian hostageship</h3><br>
<p>The inhabitants of Emmanouil Pappas could not enjoy their freedom for a long time because their village, like the rest of Eastern Macedonia fell during World War I again under Bulgarian occupation ( a period known in local historical memory as "Thefteri Voulgaria"-literally "Second Bulgaria") after the events of the National Schism in 1916. Bulgarian rule is much harsher this time. The Bulgarians, being confident that the region will remain in their possession after the war, are engaged in an orgy of repression and persecution of the native Greek populations, in order to force them either to be Bulgarized or to leave their homeland. Thus, many Greek civilians residing in Bulgarian-occupied areas decide to flee to the territory to the west of Strymonas river that still remained under Greek rule. Greek schools are shut down and replaced by Bulgarian ones while the Greek language is banned in the churches and Holy Service is held only in Bulgarian, by Bulgarian priests. However, the most inhumane measure is the so-called "hostageship", the displacement of Greek civilians aged 17–60 years to different regions of Bulgaria and the present-day Republic of Macedonia (which was then also under Bulgarian occupation), where they are forced to perform hard labour and die by the thousands, due to the unacceptable living conditions, malnutrition, exhaustion, diseases etc. A committee of the American Red Army that came in Eastern Macedonia to provide humanitarian aid when the war ended, estimated that the total number of displaced to Bulgaria (and other Bulgarian-occupied areas) Greek civilians from Eastern Macedonia and Western Thrace during the Bulgarian occupation of these areas during World War I was nearly 200,000, of whom around 60,000 died and never came back, while many of those who returned were in such wretched health condition that had become incapable of any work. by the American Red Cross Commission to Greece:</p><br>
<p>"Arriving at Salonica, we learned that the distress in by the American Red Cross Commission to Greece</p><br>
<p>by the American Red Cross Commission to Greece</p><br>
<p>Among these 200,000 hostages or "ta dourdouvakia", as they are known in local tradition (Greek corruption of the Bulgarian phrase трудов войник/troudov voinik=labour soldier, as they were called by the Bulgarians), there were about 200 inhabitants of Emmanouil Pappas, of whom 110 died in Kicevo (today Republic of Macedonia) and Karnobat (Bulgaria). Their names are written in the memorial in honour of the fallen in the wars, in the central square of the village.</p><br>
<p>The above-mentioned report of the Committee of the American Red Cross also mentions that humanitarian aid (food, clothing, etc.) was distributed in Dovista and the neighbouring villages.</p><br>
<p>Another not so known aspect of the history of the village during World War I, is that apart from the Bulgarian garrison there was installed and Turkish force too, which had set up a temporary hospital (in the school building) with Austrian military doctors, according to the memoirs of the German Air Force Lieutenant Georg Wilhelm Heydemarck.</p><br>
<h3>Interwar period</h3><br>
<p>During the interwar period a significant economic and cultural growth took place in the village of Emmanouil Pappas, especially in the 1920s and until the aftermath of the great financial crash of 1929 reached Greece. The enormously high prices which US and European companies offered for Greek tobacco at that time brought to most inhabitants an economic prosperity, landmarks of which are a few neoclassical houses that were built then and survived until today. The village became an important center of tobacco production and processing with several tobacco houses, which employed over 400 workers, most of whom came from Serres and other villages. A lot of various shops opened for the needs of this newly emerged working class and there was also set up a private power plant, which electrified the houses and streets of the village. At the same time there was a remarkable intellectual blossoming and there were founded several clubs that developed a significant cultural activity, such as presenting theatrical plays and the publishing of a magazine, already mentioned in a previous chapter. In the same period also was formed for first time a footbal team in the village, by the "Music-Gymnastics Association Emmanouil Papas".</p><br>
<p>In the Asia Minor Campaign, the inhabitants of the village of military age were recruited in the Greek Army and 11 of them were among the thousands of other Greeks who paid with their lives the Asia Minor disaster.</p><br>
<h3>World War 2 and Civil War</h3><br>
<h3>Postwar era</h3><br>
<h2>Folklore</h2><br>
<h3>Customs and traditions</h3><br>
<h3>Music tradition</h3><br>
<h3>Language</h3><br>
<h3>Sample of rare words of ancient Greek origin from the vocabulary of the Darnakochoria dialect</h3><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<h2>Notable people descending from Emmanouil Papas</h2><br>
<p>Emmanouel Pappas (1773-1821), leader of the Greek War of Independence in Macedonia.</p><br>
<p>Stergios Mourgos (1933-), retired professor of Quantitative Economics of City University of New York, former director of the Greek National Tourist Organization in New York and former consul of Greece in New York.</p><br>
<p>Andonis Malliaris (1944-), author and publisher.</p><br>
<p>Stergios Tsiallas (1948-), Dr. of Nuclear Physics and researcher of the National Centre of Scientific Research "Demokritos".</p><br>
<p>Vasilis Karanasios (1950-), Professor of Chemistry and researcher of the Waterloo University in Canada.</p><br>
<p>Christos Giouzelis, (1962-2017), basketball coach and former basketball player.</p><br>
<p>Nikos Oikonomou (1973-), basketball coach and former basketball player.</p><br>
<p>Panayiotis Kokoras (1974-), internationally award-winning composer and computer music innovator.</p><br>
<p>The Cyrus Felt House is a historic house located along the Mississippi River and Illinois Route 96 3 mi north of Hamilton, Illinois. The house was built circa 1834 by Cyrus Felt, a New Hampshire native who moved to Hancock County in the early 1830s. Felt was a prominent citizen of the town of Montebello, which was the second-oldest town in the county but has since been abandoned. Felts house has a French-inspired design, likely influenced by the areas substantial French population, with Greek Revival details. The house&#39;s porches, columns and roof line give it its predominant French character, while its window and door heads are its most prominent Greek Revival features.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 18, 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Northwoods Historic District in DeKalb County, Georgia consists of five adjoining residential neighborhoods, including Northwoods, Fleetwood Hills, Gordon Hills, Gordon Heights and Sequoya Woods. The Northwoods, Gordon Hills and Gordon Heights neighborhoods are all located within the city limits of Doraville, Georgia, and Sequoyah Woods and Fleetwood Hills are located in unincorporated DeKalb County. The district was developed in the 1950s and 60’s and consists of approximately 530 acres with a total of 922 historic/contributing resources.</p><br>
<p>On June 2, 2014 the Northwoods Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places. The district is significant because it is an intact example of midcentury and contemporary architecture in Georgia. The district was developed to provide affordable homes that met VA and FHA requirements and other amenities for middle-class workers in nearby industries, including the General Motors automobile factory Doraville Assembly, Delta, Lockheed and others.</p><br>
<p>As a planned use development, the district serves as an early example of a mixed-use development, with schools, churches, offices and homes all located within the district. The Northwoods Area Neighborhood Association sponsored the nomination for recognition, and the Heritage Preservation Program at Georgia State University prepared the nomination materials and conducted the supporting research, interviews and community meetings as well as gathered and preserved a number of historic documents and pictures. The Northwoods Area Neighborhood Association has served the district for over 50 years of its history and continues to do so today by providing a sense of community for Northwoods and the surrounding areas.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>After initially developing some plain style ranches in the south-western portion of the district, the primary developer of Northwoods, Walter Talley, hired Georgia Tech architects Ernest Mastin and John Summer to design a variety of contemporary homes and floor plans. When switching from the plain style ranch house to the more contemporary designs, Tally was initially met with skepticism from lenders. The Providence Institute for Savings made one of the initial loans to Tally, but required that Tally build five conventional houses along with five of the more original contemporary houses designed by Mastin and Summer to limit the lender’s perceived risk. With strong demand for the contemporary designs, lenders soon gave Tally the flexibility he needed to develop Northwoods using a variety of contemporary designs. This focus on both design and cost are clearly reflected in an early advertisement promoting “Houses of Smart Design and Superior Constructions” in Northwoods for prices between $13,350 to $15,300 ($118,000 to $135,000 in today’s dollars).</p><br>
<p>Tally, Mastin and Summer used contemporary and mid-century modern design features to ensure both the affordable pricing and the high quality that appealed to DeKalb County’s burgeoning middle class. Mastin and Summer drew significant inspiration from contemporary designs in California, and they found ways to incorporate many contemporary design features into the district’s modest homes. One notable and unique architectural feature in the district is the use of brick from the foundation up to the window sills of many homes with other materials from the window sills to the roofline. This feature was designed to balance buyers’ desire for brick with the goal of affordability.</p><br>
<p>With designs inspired by the successful Northwoods neighborhood, the other neighborhoods in the district (Gordon Hills, Gordon Heights, Sequoyah Woods and Fleetwood Hills) are generally consistent in design and share many of the same architectural features as the Northwoods neighborhood.</p><br>
<h2>Notable buildings</h2><br>
<p>The Herb Butler Union Hall located at 5407 Buford Highway served as the home to the United Autoworkers, Local 10 until the closure of General Motor’s Doraville Assembly in 2008. Designed by Phillip Windsor, the Herb Butler Union Hall is significant both architecturally and as a tangible reminder of the district’s middle-class roots. The hall is named after James Herbert "Herb" Butler (November 4, 1927 – February 21, 2008), one of Local 10&#39;s most influential members who served the union for over 50 years.</p><br>
<p>Renowned architect John C. Portman, Jr. together with his associates designed both Sequoyah Middle School (formerly Sequoyah High School) and Cary Reynolds Elementary (formerly Sequoyah Elementary and Northwoods Area Elementary before that). These two schools are located in the Sequoyah Woods neighborhood in the district. The modern design of these two schools showcases some of Portman’s early work. Portman later achieved notoriety for his design of Peachtree Center in Atlanta, the Renaissance Building in Detroit, Bonaventure Hotel in Los Angeles and Western Warsaw Hotel in Poland. There is a plaque outside each school recognizing Portman and Associates for their modern designs.</p><br>
<h2>Neighborhoods</h2><br>
<p>Northwoods is the largest of the five neighborhoods included in the district, and it contains the district’s two parks, Brook Park and Autumn Park. Walter Tally’s vision for Northwoods was that it would be a “city within a city” that included within in it a variety of uses. Unlike many planned neighborhoods today, Northwoods includes seven access points from city streets and county roads. Northwoods was developed in nine different units from 1950 to 1958, with Mastin and Summer responsible for the design of most but not all of the houses. Tally and Summer designed houses for themselves on McClave Dr. Most streets in Northwoods are named after the family members of the developers.</p><br>
<p>Gordon Hills, Gordon Heights and Sequoyah Woods have their origins in land owned by a farmer named Thomas Turner Stewart. With the passing of Thomas Stewart, John Gordon Stewart and Julia Stewart Strong inherited 160 acres and Marty Teru Creel inherited the remaining 60 acres.</p><br>
<p>John Gordon Stewart, who served as Mayor of Doraville from the 1920s to the 1950s, began developing Gordon Hills in 1948 with the majority of development occurring in the 1950s. The plans for developing the neighboring Gordon Heights were approved in 1955.</p><br>
<p>Sequoyah Woods is the newest of the five neighborhoods in the district, with development by James Embry occurring primarily between 1962 and 1964. The streets in Sequoyah Woods often have Native American–style names.</p><br>
<p>Fleetwood Hills, with its main entrance along Chamblee Tucker Road, was developed in four phases from 1955 to 1957. This neighborhood was developed by James Embry with Poe & King Engineers handling the layout of the roads and lots. Fleetwood Hills is the only neighborhood in the district other than Northwoods that has welcome signs identifying the name of the community.</p><br>
<h2>Current character</h2><br>
<p>The district remains as one of the more affordable communities in Northern DeKalb County, and it is now home to a diverse mix of cultures, including Hispanics, Koreans, Vietnamese, Chinese and many others. Buford Highway, which borders the northwestern side of the district, reflects this diversity in that it has become well known in Atlanta for its wide variety of authentic ethnic cuisines.</p><br>
<p>The Mountain Brook Estates Building is a commercial building in the planned community of Mountain Brook, Alabama. The neo-medieval building was built as the commercial center of the suburban community. Built in 1928, it is a steel structure clad with half-timbering meant to evoke an idealized English town center. Mountain Brook Estates is one of the three most significant examples of a romanticized suburb in the United States, along with Grosse Pointe, Michigan and Country Club Plaza in Kansas City, Missouri.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Mountain Brook Estates Building is a one and two story steel-framed structure with five ground floor commercial tenant spaces. Offices are on the second floor. It is situated on the town center circle, with one-story arms on side streets. The building is underlain by a full basement. The ground floor is mainly brick, while the upper level is mainly half-timbering and stucco. The roof is tile shingle. The design is a picturesque interpretation of early English town buildings.</p><br>
<p>The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 8, 2003.</p><br>
<p>Agori Fort is a fort located at distance of about 10 km from Chopan near Obra at riverside of Son River, in the Mirzapur district, which is 35 km from Robertsganj, on SH 5 Road in the Sonbhadra district, Uttar Pradesh India. There is a temple of Goddess Kali.</p><br>
<p>This is Religious place for the Agori Baba.</p><br>
<p>Agori Fort was the residential palace of the Kharwar and Chandel dynasty.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Fort was earlier ruled by Kharwar rulers but later on it came into the possession of Chandels. Madan Shah was the last Chandel king who ruled in Agori -Barahar area. Veer Lorik, the hero of "Lorikayan" fought and killed king Molgat at this place.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The fort is surrounded by the rivers from three sides viz. Bijul/Vijul/Vrijul, Rihand and Son River. It has also been enclosed with trenches on all sides to protect it from any attack.</p><br>
<h2>Attractions</h2><br>
<p>The war between Molagt King and Veer Lorik was held here. There is an artistic idol of the Goddess Durga in the fort at the entrance to the courtyard. There is a well, which is said to be fed from some river. Thousands of people come here for worship from far away. Upon leaving fortress there is an ochre mountain, local people say that this mountain was launched edged sword.</p><br>
<p>There is a stone in the form of an elephant at the center of river son which is called Krmaamel elephant of Molagt King who was killed by Veer Lorik. The fort can be reached by boat from Chopan.</p><br>
<p>The Christian Dick Block is a historic commercial building located at 106 East Doty Street in Madison, Wisconsin. The building was constructed in 1889 for liquor wholesaler Christian Dick. The prominent Madison architectural firm of Conover & Porter designed the Richardsonian Romanesque style building; it is one of the citys earliest extant examples of both the firms work and the style. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Born in Cologne, Germany in 1845, Christian Dick immigrated to Madison in 1878 and established a wholesale liquor business. Dick purchased the triangular lot at the corner of King and East Doty Streets in March 1889 to be the new site of his business. He hired the architectural firm of Conover & Porter to plan the three-story building; while Dick had originally intended to build a two-story building, dance teacher F. W. Kehl convinced him to build the third floor and subsequently rented it as a studio. The building was finished later in the year; at the time, Madisons newspapers regarded it as a significant contribution to the citys commercial architecture. Dick ran his liquor business from the building&#39;s basement and leased the corner storefront to the Schlitz Brewery, which opened a saloon in the space; the second floor was used as a hotel until the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 19, 2002. Shortly before its nomination to the Register, the building was extensively restored; in the restoration process, it was connected to the neighboring E. W. Eddy Block.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Madison architectural firm of Allan Darst Conover and Lew Foster Porter designed the Dick Block. The two architects became partners in the mid-1880s, while Conover was a professor and Porter a student at the University of Wisconsin&ndash;Madison. Until the firm broke up in 1899, the two were among Madisons most prolific architects, designing over 50 public buildings and around 100 residences. The firm tended to use the Queen Anne and Shingle styles for homes and the Richardsonian Romanesque for larger buildings, including the Dick Block; both were popular styles in the late nineteenth century. Many of the firms works have since been demolished, and the Dick Block is one of its oldest surviving designs.</p><br>
<p>Built on a triangular plot of land, the building is roughly lozenge-shaped with a flatiron appearance from the front. Its Richardsonian Romanesque design is one of the oldest extant examples of the style in Madison; as many of the citys Richardsonian Romanesque buildings were later demolished, it is also one of the best-preserved. The building has a cream-colored brick exterior and a stone foundation; a buttress and groupings of windows are used to visually separate the building into its functional partitions. A conical tower marks the front corner of the building; the original main entrance is below the tower and is flanked by two sets of stone columns, one of the buildings most prominent Romanesque features. The upper-story windows are topped by brick arches, a common Romanesque element; the second-story windows have segmental arches, which the third-story windows have round arches.</p><br>
<p>Mount Signal is a mountain 20 km west of Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico, on Mexican Federal Highway 2. The peak is also known as "Weeishpa" by the native community Kumiai or "Cerro del Centinela" or simply: El Centinela  by the Mexicans. The northern slope of the mountain begins at the international border between Mexico and the United States, the south side is bordered by Federal Highway 2. It has an elevation of about 781 meter and is the northernmost peak of the Cocopah mountain range or sierra cucapá.</p><br>
<p>Mount Signal was used by both native and pioneer explorers of the region, to guide them through the desert. The mountain is on the shield of the town of Mexicali and on the shield of Imperial County, California but each from their own perspective. The song Puro Cachanilla also mentions this mountain.</p><br>
<p>The Temple of Baalshamin was an ancient temple in the city of Palmyra, Syria, dedicated to the Canaanite sky deity Baalshamin. The temple&#39;s earliest phase dates to the late 2nd century BC; its altar was built in 115 AD, and the temple was substantially rebuilt in 131 AD. With the spreading of Christianity in the region in the 5th century AD, the temple was converted to a church.</p><br>
<p>In 1864, French photographer and naval officer Louis Vignes was the first to photograph the temple following his expedition to the Dead Sea under the sponsorship of the Duc du Luynes.</p><br>
<p>Swiss archaeologists uncovered the temple in 1954–56. It was one of the most complete ancient structures in Palmyra. In 1980, UNESCO designated the temple as a World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<p>In 2015, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant demolished the Temple of Baalshamin after capturing Palmyra during the Syrian Civil War.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural style</h2><br>
<p>The temple was originally a part of an extensive precinct of three courtyards and represented a fusion of ancient Syrian and Roman architectural styles. The temple&#39;s proportions and the capitals of its columns were Roman in inspiration, while the elements above the architrave and the side windows followed the Syrian tradition. The highly stylized acanthus patterns of the Corinthian orders also indicated an Egyptian influence. The temple had a six-column pronaos with traces of corbels and an interior which was modelled on the classical cella. The side walls were decorated with pilasters.</p><br>
<h2>Inscription and dedication</h2><br>
<p>An inscription written in Greek and Palmyrene, on the column bracket that supported the bust of the temples benefactor, the Palmyrene official Male Agrippa, attested the temple was built in 131 AD. The inscription was dedicated by the Senate of Palmyra to honor Male Agrippa for building the temple, which was dedicated to Baalshamin, the Semitic god of the heavens, to commemorate the Roman Emperor Hadrians visit to Palmyra around 129 AD. The translated inscription is:</p><br>
<h2>Damage</h2><br>
<p>Parts of the temple were damaged to some extent by bombings in 2013, during the Syrian Civil War. The southeastern corner of the temple wall was damaged further by looters who made two openings to steal the furniture of the adjacent guesthouse.</p><br>
<h2>Destruction</h2><br>
<p>In May 2015, Palmyra was captured by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), a terrorist group with a history of destroying ancient religious structures. Shortly after, ISIL reportedly claimed that it did not intend to demolish the buildings at Palmyras World Heritage Site, but stated that it would destroy any artifact it deemed "polytheistic" or "pagan". On 23 August 2015 (or earlier in July, according to some reports), ISIL militants detonated a large quantity of explosives inside the Temple of Baalshamin, completely destroying the building. The temples destruction was announced by the head of the Syrian Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums, Maamoun Abdulkarim. Photographs of the placement of the explosives, the explosion itself and the remnants of the temple subsequently appeared on social media. UNESCO described the willful destruction of the temple as a "war crime". The destruction was independently verified by a French Pléiades satellite, which photographed the pile of rubble a few days later.</p><br>
<p>After the temple&#39;s destruction, the Institute for Digital Archaeology announced plans to establish a digital record of historical sites and artifacts threatened by IS advance. To accomplish this goal, the IDA, in collaboration with UNESCO, will deploy 5,000 3D cameras to partners in the Middle East. The cameras will be used to capture 3D scans of local ruins and relics.</p><br>
<p>Following the recapture of Palmyra by the Syrian Army in March 2016, director of antiquities Maamoun Abdelkarim stated that the Temple of Baalsahamin, along with the Temple of Bel and the Monumental Arch, will be rebuilt using the surviving remains (anastylosis).</p><br>
<p>The Orthwein Mansion is a historic mansion in St. Louis, Missouri, US.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>It is located near the northeastern corner of Forest Park, at 15 Portland Place.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mansion was built ,</p><br>
<p>William D. Orthwein, his wife Emily and family lived there for 27 years.</p><br>
<p>William D. Orthwein&#39;s son William R. Orthwein was living there when he competed at the 1904 Summer Olympics, held in St Louis, in the freestyle and backstroke swimming and water polo, winning bronze medals in the 4x50-yard freestyle relay and water polo.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural significance</h2><br>
<p>It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places in St. Louis, Missouri since February 12, 1974.</p><br>
<p>The Arene Candide,  is an archaeological site in Finale Ligure, Liguria, Italy. Its name was derived from the eponymous dune of white  sand  that could be found at the base of the cliff until the 1920s in the Caprazoppa promontory, where the Arene Candide cave is located.</p><br>
<p>The cave is situated at 90 m above sea level on the upper margin of the former Ghigliazza stone quarry and has three wide openings that point towards the sea. Thanks to its position and to those openings the cave is well lit and relatively dry. It can be accessed from above within 30 minutes via a path from Borgio Verezzi.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The cave is locally known as Grotta dei Frati or Armassa, and received its popular name in 1864, when Arturo Issel visited it, who was the first in a long series of archaeologists and geologists and researchers.</p><br>
<p>The Arene Candide gained international attention after the excavation campaigns in the years 1940 to 1942 and 1948 to 1950 in the south-eastern part of the cave, lead by Luigi Bernabò Brea and Luigi Cardini. Their excavation brought a detailed stratigraphic sequence to light, that ranges from the Upper Palaeolithic to the Byzantine period. The favorable environmental conditions in the cave proved to be the key to the good state of conservation of the organic material like bone fossils and charcoal fragments. Due to their extraordinary preservation condition, the nineteen paleolithic burial pits, that were discovered in Arene Candide rank among the most significant funerary complexes in the world, as the material enabled researchers to conduct extensive and comprehensive anthropological studies in the framework of contemporary available scientific methods. Further excavations were carried out in the 1970s and the 2000s.</p><br>
<p>The most remarkable and scientifically valuable burial is called the "Young prince" (Giovane principe), a juvenile male, around 15 years old, dated to about 23,500 years BP, attributed to the Gravettian culture. The body was positioned on a layer of red ochre, 7 m below the surface sediment, looking to the South and accompanied by an extremely rich set of grave goods with a creel-like cap, jewels made of shellfish, animal bones, deer antler and a long flint tool in his hand. The fossil bears a mortal wound below its chin, that was tidied up with yellow ochre before the final burial. Isotope analysis of the teeth revealed that approximately ¼ of the juveniles diet consisted of marine protein</p><br>
<p>Excavation discoveries are on display in several Italian museums, including the Museum of Ligurian Archaeology in Genoa Pegli, the Archaeological Museum of Finale in Finale Ligure and the Pigorini National Museum of Prehistory and Ethnography in Rome.</p><br>
<p>The Morse & Co. Office Building is a historic commercial building at 455 Harlow Street in Bangor, Maine. Built in 1895, it was the headquarters for Morse & Company, one of the city&#39;s largest employers for nearly 100 years, and the last operator of a lumber mill  in the city. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Morse & Co. building is set on the northeast side of Harlow Street, just south of its crossing of Kenduskeag Stream and northwest of the city&#39;s central business district. It is a two-story masonry structure, finished in mortared brick-shaped stone on the first floor and stucco on the second. An arched opening on the left side of the front facade shelters the entrance, with three recessed bay windows to the right. The second story has corner pilasters and Beaux Arts panels flanked by oculus windows with decorative surrounds. The cornice has dentil molding and modillions below a dormered hip roof.</p><br>
<p>Morse & Co. was founded in 1851 by Llewellyn J. Morse and Hiram P. Oliver, who leased and later purchased an 1814 sawmill on Kenduskeag Stream. The company was for many years a leading local lumber processor, but engaged in a wide array of other businesses, including the grinding of corn and salt, and the harvesting of ice. The companys products were used extensively in the rebuilding of Bangor after the Great Fire of 1911, and in the Victorian-era townhouses of Beacon Hill in Boston, Massachusetts. The company ended operations in 1948, resulting in the closure of the citys last lumber mill. This building was built as its headquarters and showroom in 1895.</p><br>
